f | { | f | { |
| "author": "[{\"affiliation\": \"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, | | "author": "[{\"affiliation\": \"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, |
| Snow and Landscape Research WSL\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", | | Snow and Landscape Research WSL\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", |
| \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": [\"collection\", | | \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": [\"collection\", |
| \"validation\", \"curation\", \"publication\"], \"email\": | | \"validation\", \"curation\", \"publication\"], \"email\": |
| \"anita.risch@wsl.ch\", \"given_name\": \"Anita C.\", \"identifier\": | | \"anita.risch@wsl.ch\", \"given_name\": \"Anita C.\", \"identifier\": |
| \"0000-0003-0531-8336\", \"name\": \"Risch\"}, {\"affiliation\": | | \"0000-0003-0531-8336\", \"name\": \"Risch\"}, {\"affiliation\": |
| \"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research | | \"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research |
| WSL\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", | | WSL\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", |
n | \"data_credit\": \"validation\", \"email\": | n | \"data_credit\": [\"collection\", \"validation\", \"curation\", |
| \"stephan.zimmermann@wsl.ch\", \"given_name\": \"Stephan\", | | \"supervision\"], \"email\": \"stephan.zimmermann@wsl.ch\", |
| \"identifier\": \"0000-0002-7085-0284\", \"name\": \"Zimmermann\"}, | | \"given_name\": \"Stephan\", \"identifier\": \"0000-0002-7085-0284\", |
| {\"affiliation\": \"WSL\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", | | \"name\": \"Zimmermann\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"WSL\", |
| \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"curation\", \"email\": | | |
| \"martin.schuetz@wsl.ch\", \"given_name\": \"Martin\", \"identifier\": | | |
| \"\", \"name\": \"Sch\\u00fctz\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"USDA-ARS | | |
| Grassland, Soil, and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, TX, 76502, | | |
| USA\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", | | |
| \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": \"philip.fay@usda.gov\", | | |
| \"given_name\": \"Philip A.\", \"identifier\": \"\", \"name\": | | |
| \"Fay\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and | | |
| Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108\", | | |
| \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": | | \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": |
n | \"collection\", \"email\": \"borer@umn.edu\", \"given_name\": | n | \"curation\", \"email\": \"martin.schuetz@wsl.ch\", \"given_name\": |
| \"Elizabeth T.\", \"identifier\": \"0000-0003-2259-5853\", \"name\": | | \"Martin\", \"identifier\": \"\", \"name\": \"Sch\\u00fctz\"}, |
| \"Borer\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"Department of Earth and Environmental | | {\"affiliation\": \"USDA-ARS Grassland, Soil, and Water Research |
| Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 | | Laboratory, Temple, TX, 76502, USA\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", |
| 9PT, UK\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", | | \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": |
| \"data_credit\": \"curation\", \"email\": | | \"philip.fay@usda.gov\", \"given_name\": \"Philip A.\", |
| \"arthur.broadbent@manchester.ac.uk\", \"given_name\": \"Arthur A. | | \"identifier\": \"\", \"name\": \"Fay\"}, {\"affiliation\": |
| D.\", \"identifier\": \"0000-0002-8438-7163\", \"name\": | | \"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of |
| \"Broadbent\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"Centro de Estudos Florestais, | | Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", |
| Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal\", | | \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": |
| | | \"borer@umn.edu\", \"given_name\": \"Elizabeth T.\", \"identifier\": |
| | | \"0000-0003-2259-5853\", \"name\": \"Borer\"}, {\"affiliation\": |
| | | \"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of |
| | | Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK\", |
| \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": | | \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": |
n | \"collection\", \"email\": \"mcaldeira@isa.ulisboa.pt\", | n | \"collection\", \"email\": \"arthur.broadbent@manchester.ac.uk\", |
| \"given_name\": \"Maria C.\", \"identifier\": \"\", \"name\": | | \"given_name\": \"Arthur A. D.\", \"identifier\": |
| \"Caldeira\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"Department of Ecology and | | \"0000-0002-8438-7163\", \"name\": \"Broadbent\"}, {\"affiliation\": |
| Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, | | \"Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, |
| USA\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", | | Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", |
| \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": | | \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": |
| | | \"mcaldeira@isa.ulisboa.pt\", \"given_name\": \"Maria C.\", |
| | | \"identifier\": \"\", \"name\": \"Caldeira\"}, {\"affiliation\": |
| | | \"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of |
| | | Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", |
| | | \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": |
| \"Kendi.Davies@colorado.edu\", \"given_name\": \"Kendi F.\", | | \"Kendi.Davies@colorado.edu\", \"given_name\": \"Kendi F.\", |
| \"identifier\": \"0000-0001-7716-3359\", \"name\": \"Davies\"}, | | \"identifier\": \"0000-0001-7716-3359\", \"name\": \"Davies\"}, |
| {\"affiliation\": \"German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity | | {\"affiliation\": \"German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity |
| Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, | | Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, |
| Germany\", \"affiliation_02\": \"Institute of Biology, Leipzig | | Germany\", \"affiliation_02\": \"Institute of Biology, Leipzig |
| University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany\", | | University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany\", |
n | \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"validation\", \"email\": | n | \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": |
| \"nico.eisenhauer@idiv.de\", \"given_name\": \"Nico\", \"identifier\": | | \"nico.eisenhauer@idiv.de\", \"given_name\": \"Nico\", \"identifier\": |
| \"0000-0002-0371-6720\", \"name\": \"Eisenhauer\"}, {\"affiliation\": | | \"0000-0002-0371-6720\", \"name\": \"Eisenhauer\"}, {\"affiliation\": |
| \"Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Leipzig, | | \"Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Leipzig, |
| Germany\", \"affiliation_02\": \"German Centre for Integrative | | Germany\", \"affiliation_02\": \"German Centre for Integrative |
| Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany\", | | Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany\", |
| \"affiliation_03\": \"Department of Ecology and Genetics, University | | \"affiliation_03\": \"Department of Ecology and Genetics, University |
n | of Oulu, Finland\", \"email\": \"anu.eskelinen@idiv.de\", | n | of Oulu, Finland\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": |
| | | \"anu.eskelinen@idiv.de\", \"given_name\": \"Anu\", \"identifier\": |
| | | \"0000-0003-1707-5263\", \"name\": \"Eskelinen\"}, {\"affiliation\": |
| | | \"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research |
| | | WSL\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", |
| | | \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": \"frank.hagedorn@wsl.ch\", |
| \"given_name\": \"Anu\", \"identifier\": \"0000-0003-1707-5263\", | | \"given_name\": \"Frank\", \"identifier\": \"0000-0001-5218-7776\", |
| \"name\": \"Eskelinen\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"Swiss Federal Institute | | \"name\": \"Hagedorn\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"Department of Health & |
| for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL\", \"affiliation_02\": | | Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University\", |
| \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"curation\", | | |
| \"email\": \"frank.hagedorn@wsl.ch\", \"given_name\": \"Frank\", | | |
| \"identifier\": \"0000-0001-5218-7776\", \"name\": \"Hagedorn\"}, | | |
| {\"affiliation\": \"Department of Health & Environmental Sciences, | | |
| Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", | | |
| \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": | | |
| \"joahnnes.knops@xjtlu.edu.cn\", \"given_name\": \"Johannes M. H.\", | | |
| \"identifier\": \"\", \"name\": \"Knops\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"Plants | | |
| and Ecosystems (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Belgium\", | | |
| \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": | | \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": |
n | \"curation\", \"email\": \"lembrechtsjonas@gmail.com\", | n | \"collection\", \"email\": \"joahnnes.knops@xjtlu.edu.cn\", |
| \"given_name\": \"Jonas J.\", \"identifier\": \"\", \"name\": | | \"given_name\": \"Johannes M. H.\", \"identifier\": \"\", \"name\": |
| \"Lembrechts\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"Department of Integrative | | \"Knops\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), |
| Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada\", | | University of Antwerp, Belgium\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", |
| | | \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"validation\", \"email\": |
| | | \"lembrechtsjonas@gmail.com\", \"given_name\": \"Jonas J.\", |
| | | \"identifier\": \"\", \"name\": \"Lembrechts\"}, {\"affiliation\": |
| | | \"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, |
| | | Ontario, Canada\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", |
| | | \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": \"asm@uoguelph.ca\", |
| | | \"given_name\": \"Andrew S.\", \"identifier\": \"\", \"name\": |
| | | \"MacDougall\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"Department of Plant and Soil |
| | | Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312 USA\", |
| \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": | | \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": |
n | \"collection\", \"email\": \"asm@uoguelph.ca\", \"given_name\": | n | \"collection\", \"email\": \"rebecca.mcculley@uky.edu\", |
| \"Andrew S.\", \"identifier\": \"\", \"name\": \"MacDougall\"}, | | \"given_name\": \"Rebecca L.\", \"identifier\": |
| {\"affiliation\": \"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University | | \"0000-0002-2393-0599\", \"name\": \"McCulley\"}, {\"affiliation\": |
| of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312 USA\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", | | |
| \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": | | |
| \"rebecca.mcculley@uky.edu\", \"given_name\": \"Rebecca L.\", | | |
| \"identifier\": \"0000-0002-2393-0599\", \"name\": \"McCulley\"}, | | |
| {\"affiliation\": \"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, | | \"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of |
| University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA\", \"affiliation_02\": | | Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", |
| \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", | | \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": |
| \"email\": \"brett.melbourne@colorado.edu\", \"given_name\": \"Brett | | \"brett.melbourne@colorado.edu\", \"given_name\": \"Brett A.\", |
| A.\", \"identifier\": \"\", \"name\": \"Melbourne\"}, | | \"identifier\": \"\", \"name\": \"Melbourne\"}, {\"affiliation\": |
| {\"affiliation\": \"School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, | | \"School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus VIC |
| Clayton Campus VIC 3800, Australia\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", | | 3800, Australia\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", |
| \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": | | \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": |
| \"joslin.moore@gmail.com\", \"given_name\": \"Joslin L.\", | | \"joslin.moore@gmail.com\", \"given_name\": \"Joslin L.\", |
| \"identifier\": \"0000-0001-9809-5092\", \"name\": \"Moore\"}, | | \"identifier\": \"0000-0001-9809-5092\", \"name\": \"Moore\"}, |
| {\"affiliation\": \"Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western | | {\"affiliation\": \"Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western |
| Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751 | | Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751 |
| Australia\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", | | Australia\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", |
| \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": | | \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": |
| \"s.power@westernsydney.edu.au\", \"given_name\": \"Sally A.\", | | \"s.power@westernsydney.edu.au\", \"given_name\": \"Sally A.\", |
| \"identifier\": \"0000-0002-2723-8671\", \"name\": \"Power\"}, | | \"identifier\": \"0000-0002-2723-8671\", \"name\": \"Power\"}, |
| {\"affiliation\": \"Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, | | {\"affiliation\": \"Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, |
| University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108\", \"affiliation_02\": | | University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108\", \"affiliation_02\": |
| \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", | | \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", |
| \"email\": \"seabloom@umn.edu\", \"given_name\": \"Eric W.\", | | \"email\": \"seabloom@umn.edu\", \"given_name\": \"Eric W.\", |
| \"identifier\": \"0000-0001-6780-9259\", \"name\": \"Seabloom\"}, | | \"identifier\": \"0000-0001-6780-9259\", \"name\": \"Seabloom\"}, |
| {\"affiliation\": \"University of Florida, Range Cattle Research and | | {\"affiliation\": \"University of Florida, Range Cattle Research and |
| Education Center. 3401 Experiment Station. Ona, FL, USA. 33865\", | | Education Center. 3401 Experiment Station. Ona, FL, USA. 33865\", |
| \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": | | \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": |
| \"collection\", \"email\": \"mlas@ufl.edu\", \"given_name\": \"Maria | | \"collection\", \"email\": \"mlas@ufl.edu\", \"given_name\": \"Maria |
| L.\", \"identifier\": \"0000-0003-2166-3156\", \"name\": | | L.\", \"identifier\": \"0000-0003-2166-3156\", \"name\": |
| \"Silveira\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"Department of Ecology and Genetics, | | \"Silveira\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"Department of Ecology and Genetics, |
| University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", | | University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", |
| \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": | | \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": |
| \"risto.virtanen@oulu.fi\", \"given_name\": \"Risto\", \"identifier\": | | \"risto.virtanen@oulu.fi\", \"given_name\": \"Risto\", \"identifier\": |
| \"0000-0002-8295-8217\", \"name\": \"Virtanen\"}, {\"affiliation\": | | \"0000-0002-8295-8217\", \"name\": \"Virtanen\"}, {\"affiliation\": |
| \"IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de | | \"IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de |
| Agronom\\u00eda, Buenos Aires, Argentina\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", | | Agronom\\u00eda, Buenos Aires, Argentina\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", |
| \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": | | \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": |
| \"yahdjian@agro.uba.ar\", \"given_name\": \"Laura\", \"identifier\": | | \"yahdjian@agro.uba.ar\", \"given_name\": \"Laura\", \"identifier\": |
| \"0000-0002-9635-1221\", \"name\": \"Yahdjian\"}, {\"affiliation\": | | \"0000-0002-9635-1221\", \"name\": \"Yahdjian\"}, {\"affiliation\": |
| \"Department of Biology, University of C\\u00e1diz, Avenida | | \"Department of Biology, University of C\\u00e1diz, Avenida |
| Rep\\u00fablica \\u00c1rabe s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain\", | | Rep\\u00fablica \\u00c1rabe s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain\", |
n | \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"autocomplete\": | n | \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": |
| \"\", \"data_credit\": [\"validation\", \"curation\"], \"email\": | | [\"validation\", \"curation\", \"publication\"], \"email\": |
| \"rochoahueso@gmail.com\", \"given_name\": \"Raul\", \"identifier\": | | \"rochoahueso@gmail.com\", \"given_name\": \"Raul\", \"identifier\": |
| \"\", \"name\": \"Ochoa-Hueso\"}]", | | \"\", \"name\": \"Ochoa-Hueso\"}]", |
| "author_email": null, | | "author_email": null, |
| "creator_user_id": "d30dde41-6b11-44de-9191-23cdd5bda0e9", | | "creator_user_id": "d30dde41-6b11-44de-9191-23cdd5bda0e9", |
| "date": "[{\"date\": \"2015-04-01\", \"date_type\": \"collected\", | | "date": "[{\"date\": \"2015-04-01\", \"date_type\": \"collected\", |
| \"end_date\": \"2016-12-31\"}]", | | \"end_date\": \"2016-12-31\"}]", |
| "doi": "10.16904/envidat.379", | | "doi": "10.16904/envidat.379", |
| "funding": "[{\"grant_number\": \"\", \"institution\": \"WSL | | "funding": "[{\"grant_number\": \"\", \"institution\": \"WSL |
| internal competitive grant\", \"institution_url\": \"\"}, | | internal competitive grant\", \"institution_url\": \"\"}, |
| {\"grant_number\": \"NSF-DEB-1042132\", \"institution\": \"National | | {\"grant_number\": \"NSF-DEB-1042132\", \"institution\": \"National |
| Science Foundation Research Coordination Network\", | | Science Foundation Research Coordination Network\", |
| \"institution_url\": \"\"}, {\"grant_number\": \"NSF-DEB-1234162 to | | \"institution_url\": \"\"}, {\"grant_number\": \"NSF-DEB-1234162 to |
| Cedar Creek LTER\", \"institution\": \"Long Term Ecological Research | | Cedar Creek LTER\", \"institution\": \"Long Term Ecological Research |
| \", \"institution_url\": \"\"}, {\"grant_number\": \"DG-0001-13\", | | \", \"institution_url\": \"\"}, {\"grant_number\": \"DG-0001-13\", |
| \"institution\": \"Institute on the Environment\", | | \"institution\": \"Institute on the Environment\", |
| \"institution_url\": \"\"}, {\"grant_number\": \"UID/AGR/00239/2019\", | | \"institution_url\": \"\"}, {\"grant_number\": \"UID/AGR/00239/2019\", |
| \"institution\": \"CEF, a research unit funded by FCT, Portugal\", | | \"institution\": \"CEF, a research unit funded by FCT, Portugal\", |
| \"institution_url\": \"\"}, {\"grant_number\": \"FZT 118, 202548816\", | | \"institution_url\": \"\"}, {\"grant_number\": \"FZT 118, 202548816\", |
| \"institution\": \"German Research Foundation\", \"institution_url\": | | \"institution\": \"German Research Foundation\", \"institution_url\": |
| \"\"}]", | | \"\"}]", |
| "groups": [], | | "groups": [], |
| "id": "679bdff7-9fb3-4704-be93-8add5cb206ba", | | "id": "679bdff7-9fb3-4704-be93-8add5cb206ba", |
| "isopen": true, | | "isopen": true, |
| "language": "en", | | "language": "en", |
| "license_id": "odc-odbl", | | "license_id": "odc-odbl", |
| "license_title": "ODbL with Database Contents License (DbCL)", | | "license_title": "ODbL with Database Contents License (DbCL)", |
| "license_url": "https://opendefinition.org/licenses/odc-odbl", | | "license_url": "https://opendefinition.org/licenses/odc-odbl", |
| "maintainer": "{\"affiliation\": \"Swiss Federal Institute for | | "maintainer": "{\"affiliation\": \"Swiss Federal Institute for |
| Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL\", \"email\": | | Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL\", \"email\": |
| \"anita.risch@wsl.ch\", \"given_name\": \"Anita C\", \"identifier\": | | \"anita.risch@wsl.ch\", \"given_name\": \"Anita C\", \"identifier\": |
| \"\", \"name\": \"Risch\"}", | | \"\", \"name\": \"Risch\"}", |
| "maintainer_email": null, | | "maintainer_email": null, |
| "metadata_created": "2023-02-18T03:38:29.406811", | | "metadata_created": "2023-02-18T03:38:29.406811", |
t | "metadata_modified": "2023-02-20T13:23:56.027845", | t | "metadata_modified": "2023-02-21T05:05:05.607965", |
| "name": | | "name": |
| drivers-of-the-microbial-metabolic-quotient-across-global-grasslands", | | drivers-of-the-microbial-metabolic-quotient-across-global-grasslands", |
| "notes": "This dataset contains all data on which the following | | "notes": "This dataset contains all data on which the following |
| publication below is based.\r\n\r\nPaper Citation:\r\n\r\nRisch Anita | | publication below is based.\r\n\r\nPaper Citation:\r\n\r\nRisch Anita |
| C., Zimmermann, Stefan, Sch\u00fctz, Martin, Borer, Elizabeth T., | | C., Zimmermann, Stefan, Sch\u00fctz, Martin, Borer, Elizabeth T., |
| Broadbent, Arthur A.D., Caldeira, Maria C., Davies, Kendi F., | | Broadbent, Arthur A.D., Caldeira, Maria C., Davies, Kendi F., |
| Eisenhauer, Nico, Eskelinen, Anu, Fay, Philip A., Hagedorn, Frank, | | Eisenhauer, Nico, Eskelinen, Anu, Fay, Philip A., Hagedorn, Frank, |
| Knops, Johannes M.H., Lembrechts, Jonas, J., MacDougall, Andrew S., | | Knops, Johannes M.H., Lembrechts, Jonas, J., MacDougall, Andrew S., |
| McCulley, Rebecca L., Melbourne, Brett A., Moore, Joslin L., Power, | | McCulley, Rebecca L., Melbourne, Brett A., Moore, Joslin L., Power, |
| Sally A., Seabloom, Eric W., Silveira, Maria L., Virtanen, Risto, | | Sally A., Seabloom, Eric W., Silveira, Maria L., Virtanen, Risto, |
| Yahdjian, Laura, Ochoa-Hueso, Raul (accepted). Drivers of the | | Yahdjian, Laura, Ochoa-Hueso, Raul (accepted). Drivers of the |
| microbial metabolic quotient across global grasslands. Global Ecology | | microbial metabolic quotient across global grasslands. Global Ecology |
| and Biogeography\r\n\r\nPlease cite this paper together with the | | and Biogeography\r\n\r\nPlease cite this paper together with the |
| citation for the datafile.\r\n\r\nThe microbial metabolic quotient | | citation for the datafile.\r\n\r\nThe microbial metabolic quotient |
| (MMQ; mg CO2-C mg MBC-1 h-1), defined as the amount of microbial CO2 | | (MMQ; mg CO2-C mg MBC-1 h-1), defined as the amount of microbial CO2 |
| respired (MR; mg CO2-C kg soil-1 h-1) per unit of microbial biomass C | | respired (MR; mg CO2-C kg soil-1 h-1) per unit of microbial biomass C |
| (MBC; mg C kg soil-1), is a key parameter for understanding the | | (MBC; mg C kg soil-1), is a key parameter for understanding the |
| microbial regulation of the carbon (C) cycle, including soil C | | microbial regulation of the carbon (C) cycle, including soil C |
| sequestration. Here, we experimentally tested hypotheses about the | | sequestration. Here, we experimentally tested hypotheses about the |
| individual and interactive effects of multiple nutrient addition | | individual and interactive effects of multiple nutrient addition |
| (NPK+micronutrients) and herbivore exclusion on MR, MBC, and MMQ | | (NPK+micronutrients) and herbivore exclusion on MR, MBC, and MMQ |
| across 23 sites (5 continents). Our sites encompassed a wide range of | | across 23 sites (5 continents). Our sites encompassed a wide range of |
| edaphoclimatic conditions, thus we assessed which edaphoclimatic | | edaphoclimatic conditions, thus we assessed which edaphoclimatic |
| variables affected MMQ the most and how they interacted with our | | variables affected MMQ the most and how they interacted with our |
| treatments. Soils were collected in plots with established | | treatments. Soils were collected in plots with established |
| experimental treatments. MR was assessed in a five-week laboratory | | experimental treatments. MR was assessed in a five-week laboratory |
| incubation without glucose addition, MBC via substrate-induced | | incubation without glucose addition, MBC via substrate-induced |
| respiration. MMQ was calculated as MR/MBC and corrected for soil | | respiration. MMQ was calculated as MR/MBC and corrected for soil |
| temperatures (MMQsoil). Using LMMs and SEMs, we analysed how | | temperatures (MMQsoil). Using LMMs and SEMs, we analysed how |
| edaphoclimatic characteristics and treatments interactively affected | | edaphoclimatic characteristics and treatments interactively affected |
| MMQsoil. MMQsoil was higher in locations with higher mean annual | | MMQsoil. MMQsoil was higher in locations with higher mean annual |
| temperature, lower water holding capacity, and soil organic C | | temperature, lower water holding capacity, and soil organic C |
| concentration, but did not respond to our treatments across sites as | | concentration, but did not respond to our treatments across sites as |
| neither MR nor MBC changed. We attributed this relative homeostasis to | | neither MR nor MBC changed. We attributed this relative homeostasis to |
| our treatments to the modulating influence of edaphoclimatic | | our treatments to the modulating influence of edaphoclimatic |
| variables. For example, herbivore exclusion, regardless of | | variables. For example, herbivore exclusion, regardless of |
| fertilization, led to greater MMQsoil only at sites with lower soil | | fertilization, led to greater MMQsoil only at sites with lower soil |
| organic C (<1.7%). Our results pinpoint the main variables related to | | organic C (<1.7%). Our results pinpoint the main variables related to |
| MMQsoil across grasslands and emphasize the importance of the local | | MMQsoil across grasslands and emphasize the importance of the local |
| edaphoclimatic conditions in controlling the response of the C cycle | | edaphoclimatic conditions in controlling the response of the C cycle |
| to anthropogenic stressors. By testing hypotheses about MMQsoil across | | to anthropogenic stressors. By testing hypotheses about MMQsoil across |
| global edaphoclimatic gradients, this work also helps to align the | | global edaphoclimatic gradients, this work also helps to align the |
| conflicting results of prior studies. \r\n", | | conflicting results of prior studies. \r\n", |
| "num_resources": 1, | | "num_resources": 1, |
| "num_tags": 7, | | "num_tags": 7, |
| "organization": { | | "organization": { |
| "approval_status": "approved", | | "approval_status": "approved", |
| "created": "2018-04-20T09:51:26.756810", | | "created": "2018-04-20T09:51:26.756810", |
| "description": "We are studying the distribution of and | | "description": "We are studying the distribution of and |
| interactions among producers, consumers as well as decomposers and | | interactions among producers, consumers as well as decomposers and |
| between these communities and their environment. We focus on food webs | | between these communities and their environment. We focus on food webs |
| in real world ecosystems and thus mainly sample our data during | | in real world ecosystems and thus mainly sample our data during |
| experimental field campaigns. Data collection under controlled | | experimental field campaigns. Data collection under controlled |
| conditions in the greenhouse or experimental garden are, however, | | conditions in the greenhouse or experimental garden are, however, |
| common add-ons hereby. We are mainly interested in the functioning of | | common add-ons hereby. We are mainly interested in the functioning of |
| natural ecosystems and often conduct research in National Parks around | | natural ecosystems and often conduct research in National Parks around |
| the world. Our main study area is, however, the Swiss National Park. | | the world. Our main study area is, however, the Swiss National Park. |
| While working on basic research questions, we regularly consider | | While working on basic research questions, we regularly consider |
| applied aspects that are related to protecting or conserving | | applied aspects that are related to protecting or conserving |
| endangered ecosystems.\r\n\r\nExamples of research question of our | | endangered ecosystems.\r\n\r\nExamples of research question of our |
| research group assesses are:\r\n\r\nHow is species loss related to | | research group assesses are:\r\n\r\nHow is species loss related to |
| ecosystem processes and functions? Which species or species groups are | | ecosystem processes and functions? Which species or species groups are |
| particularly relevant for ecosystem functioning? Which effects are | | particularly relevant for ecosystem functioning? Which effects are |
| expected with the loss of such important species groups? How are | | expected with the loss of such important species groups? How are |
| aboveground organisms interacting with belowground organisms? Which | | aboveground organisms interacting with belowground organisms? Which |
| abiotic and biotic conditions favor diverse ecosystems? Is global | | abiotic and biotic conditions favor diverse ecosystems? Is global |
| change (for example eutrophication, habitat fragmentation, climate) a | | change (for example eutrophication, habitat fragmentation, climate) a |
| thread for diverse ecosystems? How can diverse ecosystems be | | thread for diverse ecosystems? How can diverse ecosystems be |
| protected?", | | protected?", |
| "id": "60e92a46-5f9b-4a06-a32e-6a5e04869486", | | "id": "60e92a46-5f9b-4a06-a32e-6a5e04869486", |
| "image_url": "2018-07-10-090227.680797LogoWSL.svg", | | "image_url": "2018-07-10-090227.680797LogoWSL.svg", |
| "is_organization": true, | | "is_organization": true, |
| "name": "plant-animal-interactions", | | "name": "plant-animal-interactions", |
| "state": "active", | | "state": "active", |
| "title": "Plant-Animal Interactions", | | "title": "Plant-Animal Interactions", |
| "type": "organization" | | "type": "organization" |
| }, | | }, |
| "owner_org": "60e92a46-5f9b-4a06-a32e-6a5e04869486", | | "owner_org": "60e92a46-5f9b-4a06-a32e-6a5e04869486", |
| "private": false, | | "private": false, |
| "publication": "{\"publication_year\": \"2023\", \"publisher\": | | "publication": "{\"publication_year\": \"2023\", \"publisher\": |
| \"EnviDat\"}", | | \"EnviDat\"}", |
| "publication_state": "pub_pending", | | "publication_state": "pub_pending", |
| "related_datasets": "", | | "related_datasets": "", |
| "related_publications": "Risch Anita C., Zimmermann, Stefan, | | "related_publications": "Risch Anita C., Zimmermann, Stefan, |
| Sch\u00fctz, Martin, Borer, Elizabeth T., Broadbent, Arthur A.D., | | Sch\u00fctz, Martin, Borer, Elizabeth T., Broadbent, Arthur A.D., |
| Caldeira, Maria C., Davies, Kendi F., Eisenhauer, Nico, Eskelinen, | | Caldeira, Maria C., Davies, Kendi F., Eisenhauer, Nico, Eskelinen, |
| Anu, Fay, Philip A., Hagedorn, Frank, Knops, Johannes M.H., | | Anu, Fay, Philip A., Hagedorn, Frank, Knops, Johannes M.H., |
| Lembrechts, Jonas, J., MacDougall, Andrew S., McCulley, Rebecca L., | | Lembrechts, Jonas, J., MacDougall, Andrew S., McCulley, Rebecca L., |
| Melbourne, Brett A., Moore, Joslin L., Power, Sally A., Seabloom, Eric | | Melbourne, Brett A., Moore, Joslin L., Power, Sally A., Seabloom, Eric |
| W., Silveira, Maria L., Virtanen, Risto, Yahdjian, Laura, Ochoa-Hueso, | | W., Silveira, Maria L., Virtanen, Risto, Yahdjian, Laura, Ochoa-Hueso, |
| Raul (accepted). Drivers of the microbial metabolic quotient across | | Raul (accepted). Drivers of the microbial metabolic quotient across |
| global grasslands. Global Ecology and Biogeography", | | global grasslands. Global Ecology and Biogeography", |
| "relationships_as_object": [], | | "relationships_as_object": [], |
| "relationships_as_subject": [], | | "relationships_as_subject": [], |
| "resource_type": "datapaper", | | "resource_type": "datapaper", |
| "resource_type_general": "datapaper", | | "resource_type_general": "datapaper", |
| "resources": [ | | "resources": [ |
| { | | { |
| "cache_last_updated": null, | | "cache_last_updated": null, |
| "cache_url": null, | | "cache_url": null, |
| "created": "2023-02-18T03:43:03.643074", | | "created": "2023-02-18T03:43:03.643074", |
| "description": "Study sites and experimental design\r\nWe | | "description": "Study sites and experimental design\r\nWe |
| collected data from 23 sites that are part of the Nutrient Network | | collected data from 23 sites that are part of the Nutrient Network |
| Global Research Cooperative (NutNet, https://nutnet.umn.edu/). The | | Global Research Cooperative (NutNet, https://nutnet.umn.edu/). The |
| mean annual air temperature (MAT) across these sites ranged from -4 to | | mean annual air temperature (MAT) across these sites ranged from -4 to |
| 22\u00b0C, mean annual precipitation (MAP) from 252 to 1592 mm, and | | 22\u00b0C, mean annual precipitation (MAP) from 252 to 1592 mm, and |
| elevations from 6 to 4261 m above sea level (Fig 1a, Supplementary | | elevations from 6 to 4261 m above sea level (Fig 1a, Supplementary |
| Table S1), hence cover a wide range of climatic conditions under which | | Table S1), hence cover a wide range of climatic conditions under which |
| grasslands occur (Fig 1b). Soil organic C concentrations ranged | | grasslands occur (Fig 1b). Soil organic C concentrations ranged |
| between 0.8 to 7.8%, soil total N concentrations between 0.1 and 0.6%, | | between 0.8 to 7.8%, soil total N concentrations between 0.1 and 0.6%, |
| and the soil C:N ratio between 9.1 and 21.5. Soil clay content spanned | | and the soil C:N ratio between 9.1 and 21.5. Soil clay content spanned |
| from 3.0 to 35%, and soil pH from 3.4 to 7.6 (Supplementary Table S2). | | from 3.0 to 35%, and soil pH from 3.4 to 7.6 (Supplementary Table S2). |
| \r\nAt each site, the effects of nutrient addition and herbivore | | \r\nAt each site, the effects of nutrient addition and herbivore |
| exclusion were tested via a randomized-block design (Borer et al., | | exclusion were tested via a randomized-block design (Borer et al., |
| 2014). Three blocks with 10 treatment plots each were established at | | 2014). Three blocks with 10 treatment plots each were established at |
| each site, except for the site at bldr.us (only two blocks). Each of | | each site, except for the site at bldr.us (only two blocks). Each of |
| these 10 plots was randomly assigned to a nutrient or fencing | | these 10 plots was randomly assigned to a nutrient or fencing |
| treatment. An individual plot was 5 x 5 m, divided into four 2.5 x 2.5 | | treatment. An individual plot was 5 x 5 m, divided into four 2.5 x 2.5 |
| m subplots. Each subplot was further divided into four 1 x 1 m square | | m subplots. Each subplot was further divided into four 1 x 1 m square |
| sampling plots, one of which was set aside for soil sampling (Borer et | | sampling plots, one of which was set aside for soil sampling (Borer et |
| al., 2014). Plots were separated by at least 1 m wide walkways. We | | al., 2014). Plots were separated by at least 1 m wide walkways. We |
| collected soil samples from four different treatments for this study: | | collected soil samples from four different treatments for this study: |
| (i) untreated control plots (Control), (ii) herbivore exclusion plots | | (i) untreated control plots (Control), (ii) herbivore exclusion plots |
| (Fence), (iii) plots fertilized with N, P, K, plus nine essential | | (Fence), (iii) plots fertilized with N, P, K, plus nine essential |
| macro and micronutrients (NPK), and (iv) plots with simultaneous | | macro and micronutrients (NPK), and (iv) plots with simultaneous |
| fertilizer addition and herbivore exclusion (NPK+Fence). The | | fertilizer addition and herbivore exclusion (NPK+Fence). The |
| experiments were established at different times in the past, with | | experiments were established at different times in the past, with |
| years of treatment different among sites (2 \u2013 9 years since start | | years of treatment different among sites (2 \u2013 9 years since start |
| of treatment; Supplementary Table S1). For the nutrient additions, all | | of treatment; Supplementary Table S1). For the nutrient additions, all |
| sites applied 10 g N m-2 each year as time-release urea; 10 g P m-2 | | sites applied 10 g N m-2 each year as time-release urea; 10 g P m-2 |
| yr-1 as triple-super phosphate; 10 g K m-2 yr-1 as potassium sulfate. | | yr-1 as triple-super phosphate; 10 g K m-2 yr-1 as potassium sulfate. |
| A micro-nutrient mix (Fe, S, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Mo, Ca) was applied at | | A micro-nutrient mix (Fe, S, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Mo, Ca) was applied at |
| 100 g m-2 together with K in the first year of treatments but not | | 100 g m-2 together with K in the first year of treatments but not |
| thereafter. \r\nWe excluded large vertebrate herbivores (Fence) by | | thereafter. \r\nWe excluded large vertebrate herbivores (Fence) by |
| fencing two plots, one with and one without NPK additions, within each | | fencing two plots, one with and one without NPK additions, within each |
| block. The fences excluded all aboveground mammalian herbivores with a | | block. The fences excluded all aboveground mammalian herbivores with a |
| body mass of over 50 g (Borer et al., 2014). At most sites, the fences | | body mass of over 50 g (Borer et al., 2014). At most sites, the fences |
| were 180 cm high, and the fence contained a wire mesh (1 cm holes) for | | were 180 cm high, and the fence contained a wire mesh (1 cm holes) for |
| the bottom 90 cm with a 30 cm outward-facing flange stapled to the | | the bottom 90 cm with a 30 cm outward-facing flange stapled to the |
| ground to exclude burrowing animals. Climbing and subterranean animals | | ground to exclude burrowing animals. Climbing and subterranean animals |
| may potentially still access these plots (Borer et al., 2014). For | | may potentially still access these plots (Borer et al., 2014). For |
| slight modifications in fence design at a few sites see Supplementary | | slight modifications in fence design at a few sites see Supplementary |
| Table S3. Most sites only had wild herbivores, although four sites | | Table S3. Most sites only had wild herbivores, although four sites |
| were also grazed by domestic animals (Supplementary Table | | were also grazed by domestic animals (Supplementary Table |
| S1).\r\n\r\nCollection of soil samples, soil microbial respiration, | | S1).\r\n\r\nCollection of soil samples, soil microbial respiration, |
| microbial biomass, and other soil properties\r\nEach of the 23 sites | | microbial biomass, and other soil properties\r\nEach of the 23 sites |
| received a package containing identical material from the Swiss | | received a package containing identical material from the Swiss |
| Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, | | Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, |
| Switzerland to be used for sampling (Risch et al., 2015; Risch et al., | | Switzerland to be used for sampling (Risch et al., 2015; Risch et al., |
| 2019). We collected two soil cores of 5 cm diameter and 12 cm depth in | | 2019). We collected two soil cores of 5 cm diameter and 12 cm depth in |
| each sampling plot and composited them to measure MR, MBC, and soil | | each sampling plot and composited them to measure MR, MBC, and soil |
| chemical properties (see below). An additional sample (5 x 12 cm) was | | chemical properties (see below). An additional sample (5 x 12 cm) was |
| collected to assess soil physical properties. This sample remained | | collected to assess soil physical properties. This sample remained |
| within a steel sampling core after collection and both ends were | | within a steel sampling core after collection and both ends were |
| tightly closed with plastic caps to avoid disturbance. All soils were | | tightly closed with plastic caps to avoid disturbance. All soils were |
| shipped cooled to the laboratory at (Location will be disclosed after | | shipped cooled to the laboratory at (Location will be disclosed after |
| manuscript acceptance) within a few days after collection. Soils were | | manuscript acceptance) within a few days after collection. Soils were |
| sampled roughly 6 weeks prior to peak biomass at each site during 2015 | | sampled roughly 6 weeks prior to peak biomass at each site during 2015 |
| and 2016.\r\nTo assess MR (CO2 production) in a laboratory incubation | | and 2016.\r\nTo assess MR (CO2 production) in a laboratory incubation |
| experiment we weighed duplicate soil samples (8 g dry soil equivalent) | | experiment we weighed duplicate soil samples (8 g dry soil equivalent) |
| into 50-ml Falcon tubes. No additional substrate (glucose, sugar) was | | into 50-ml Falcon tubes. No additional substrate (glucose, sugar) was |
| added to these samples. We adjusted the soil moisture of each sample | | added to these samples. We adjusted the soil moisture of each sample |
| to 60% field capacity. We then placed a 15 ml plastic test tube | | to 60% field capacity. We then placed a 15 ml plastic test tube |
| (Semadeni 1701A) containing 7.25 ml 0.05 M NaOH over each soil sample. | | (Semadeni 1701A) containing 7.25 ml 0.05 M NaOH over each soil sample. |
| The test tube was fixed with a plastic rod so that it was not in | | The test tube was fixed with a plastic rod so that it was not in |
| contact with the soil sample. The Falcon tubes were then sealed with a | | contact with the soil sample. The Falcon tubes were then sealed with a |
| screw cap and placed in an incubator under completely dark conditions | | screw cap and placed in an incubator under completely dark conditions |
| at 20\u00b0C. The CO2 produced by microbial respiration was absorbed | | at 20\u00b0C. The CO2 produced by microbial respiration was absorbed |
| by the 0.05 M NaOH. For five weeks we measured the decrease in | | by the 0.05 M NaOH. For five weeks we measured the decrease in |
| conductivity within the 0.05 M NaOH solution on a weekly basis with a | | conductivity within the 0.05 M NaOH solution on a weekly basis with a |
| Multimeter WTW Multi 3410 (WTW GmbH, Germany) and replaced the 0.05 M | | Multimeter WTW Multi 3410 (WTW GmbH, Germany) and replaced the 0.05 M |
| NaOH with fresh solution. We included Falcon tubes without soil | | NaOH with fresh solution. We included Falcon tubes without soil |
| samples in each incubation run as blanks to test if tubes were tight | | samples in each incubation run as blanks to test if tubes were tight |
| and no CO2 could enter or escape. We calibrated the relationship | | and no CO2 could enter or escape. We calibrated the relationship |
| between conductivity reduction and NaOH absorbed as follows: 400 ml | | between conductivity reduction and NaOH absorbed as follows: 400 ml |
| 0.05 M NaOH was placed in a beaker and its conductivity was measured | | 0.05 M NaOH was placed in a beaker and its conductivity was measured |
| with the multimeter. While stirring, air containing CO2 was blown into | | with the multimeter. While stirring, air containing CO2 was blown into |
| the solution for approximately one minute, which reacts with NaOH to | | the solution for approximately one minute, which reacts with NaOH to |
| form Na2CO3. After this process, conductivity was measured again. We | | form Na2CO3. After this process, conductivity was measured again. We |
| then transferred 7.25 ml of the solution into a smaller beaker and | | then transferred 7.25 ml of the solution into a smaller beaker and |
| added 1 ml of 0.1 M BaCl2 to precipitate Na2CO3 and then titrated the | | added 1 ml of 0.1 M BaCl2 to precipitate Na2CO3 and then titrated the |
| solution with 0.05 M HCl to determine the remaining NaOH. We then | | solution with 0.05 M HCl to determine the remaining NaOH. We then |
| repeated these steps with the remaining solution a total of nine times | | repeated these steps with the remaining solution a total of nine times |
| and plotted the conductivities (y-axis) against the NaOH consumed | | and plotted the conductivities (y-axis) against the NaOH consumed |
| (x-axis, Supplementary Fig S1). This regression line was used to infer | | (x-axis, Supplementary Fig S1). This regression line was used to infer |
| the consumption of NaOH from the conductivity reduction in the | | the consumption of NaOH from the conductivity reduction in the |
| incubation experiments and to calculate CO2 evolution during | | incubation experiments and to calculate CO2 evolution during |
| incubation. In addition, we determined the optimum concentration for | | incubation. In addition, we determined the optimum concentration for |
| the NaOH solution in series of preliminary experiments, so that the | | the NaOH solution in series of preliminary experiments, so that the |
| concentration was not too high to become insensitive, but also not too | | concentration was not too high to become insensitive, but also not too |
| low so that not all NaOH reacts during incubation. We then calculated | | low so that not all NaOH reacts during incubation. We then calculated |
| MR (mg CO2-C kg dry soil-1 h-1) as total amount of CO2 released over | | MR (mg CO2-C kg dry soil-1 h-1) as total amount of CO2 released over |
| the 5 weeks divided by the duration of the entire incubation in | | the 5 weeks divided by the duration of the entire incubation in |
| hrs.\r\nSoil microbial biomass carbon (MBC; mg C kg soil-1 ) was | | hrs.\r\nSoil microbial biomass carbon (MBC; mg C kg soil-1 ) was |
| measured at the beginning of the experiment by measuring the maximal | | measured at the beginning of the experiment by measuring the maximal |
| respiratory response to the addition of glucose solution (4 mg glucose | | respiratory response to the addition of glucose solution (4 mg glucose |
| per g soil dry weight dissolved in distilled water; substrate-induced | | per g soil dry weight dissolved in distilled water; substrate-induced |
| respiration method) on approximately 5.5 g of soil (J. P. E. Anderson | | respiration method) on approximately 5.5 g of soil (J. P. E. Anderson |
| & Domsch, 1978; Nico Eisenhauer et al., 2018; Scheu, 1992). For this | | & Domsch, 1978; Nico Eisenhauer et al., 2018; Scheu, 1992). For this |
| purpose we used an O2-micro-compensation apparatus (Scheu, 1992). More | | purpose we used an O2-micro-compensation apparatus (Scheu, 1992). More |
| specifically, substrate-induced respiration was calculated from the | | specifically, substrate-induced respiration was calculated from the |
| respiratory response to D-glucose for 10 hr at 20\u00b0C. Glucose was | | respiratory response to D-glucose for 10 hr at 20\u00b0C. Glucose was |
| added according to preliminary studies to saturate the catabolic | | added according to preliminary studies to saturate the catabolic |
| enzymes of microorganisms (4 mg g soil-1 dissolved in 400 ml deionized | | enzymes of microorganisms (4 mg g soil-1 dissolved in 400 ml deionized |
| water). The mean of the lowest three readings within the first 10 hrs | | water). The mean of the lowest three readings within the first 10 hrs |
| (between the initial peak caused by disturbing the soil and the peak | | (between the initial peak caused by disturbing the soil and the peak |
| caused by microbial growth) was taken as maximum initial respiratory | | caused by microbial growth) was taken as maximum initial respiratory |
| response (MIRR; ml O2 kg soil-1 h-1) and microbial biomass (mg C kg | | response (MIRR; ml O2 kg soil-1 h-1) and microbial biomass (mg C kg |
| soil-1) was calculated as 38 x MIRR (Beck et al., 1997; Cesarz et al., | | soil-1) was calculated as 38 x MIRR (Beck et al., 1997; Cesarz et al., |
| 2022; Thakur et al., 2015).\r\nThe rest of the composited sample was | | 2022; Thakur et al., 2015).\r\nThe rest of the composited sample was |
| dried at 65\u00b0C for 48 h, ground and sieved (2 mm mesh) to assess | | dried at 65\u00b0C for 48 h, ground and sieved (2 mm mesh) to assess |
| the soil pH, mineral soil total C and N and C:N ratio, and mineral | | the soil pH, mineral soil total C and N and C:N ratio, and mineral |
| soil organic C (Risch et al., 2019). The undisturbed sample was used | | soil organic C (Risch et al., 2019). The undisturbed sample was used |
| to assess water holding capacity (WHC), bulk density (BD), and soil | | to assess water holding capacity (WHC), bulk density (BD), and soil |
| texture [sand, silt, clay; methods in (Risch et al., 2019)]. We used | | texture [sand, silt, clay; methods in (Risch et al., 2019)]. We used |
| the percentage of sand and clay as an indicator of soil texture in | | the percentage of sand and clay as an indicator of soil texture in |
| this study. MAT (\u00b0C), MAP (mm) and temperature of the wettest | | this study. MAT (\u00b0C), MAP (mm) and temperature of the wettest |
| quarter (\u00b0C) were obtained from www.worldclim.com (Fick & | | quarter (\u00b0C) were obtained from www.worldclim.com (Fick & |
| Hijmans, 2017; Hijmans, Cameron, Parra, Jones, & Jarvis, 2005). These | | Hijmans, 2017; Hijmans, Cameron, Parra, Jones, & Jarvis, 2005). These |
| variables were selected as they were found to be drivers of soil | | variables were selected as they were found to be drivers of soil |
| nutrient processes across these sites in earlier studies (Risch et | | nutrient processes across these sites in earlier studies (Risch et |
| al., 2020; Risch et al., 2019). Mean annual soil temperatures (MAST; | | al., 2020; Risch et al., 2019). Mean annual soil temperatures (MAST; |
| \u00b0C) for the 0 to 5 cm soil layer were obtained for each site from | | \u00b0C) for the 0 to 5 cm soil layer were obtained for each site from |
| the SoilTemp maps (J. Lembrechts et al., 2021; J. J. Lembrechts et | | the SoilTemp maps (J. Lembrechts et al., 2021; J. J. Lembrechts et |
| al., 2022), global gridded modelled products of soil bioclimatic | | al., 2022), global gridded modelled products of soil bioclimatic |
| variables for the 1979-2013 period at a 1-km\u00b2 resolution, based | | variables for the 1979-2013 period at a 1-km\u00b2 resolution, based |
| on CHELSA, ERA5 and in-situ soil temperature | | on CHELSA, ERA5 and in-situ soil temperature |
| measurements.\r\nNumerical calculations and statistical analyses\r\nWe | | measurements.\r\nNumerical calculations and statistical analyses\r\nWe |
| calculated MMQ as MR/MBC. We corrected this measure using the average | | calculated MMQ as MR/MBC. We corrected this measure using the average |
| soil temperature of each site (MMQsoil). This temperature correction | | soil temperature of each site (MMQsoil). This temperature correction |
| is necessary as incubation temperatures are usually much higher than | | is necessary as incubation temperatures are usually much higher than |
| site mean annual soil temperatures (see Xu et al. 2017). MMQsoil = MMQ | | site mean annual soil temperatures (see Xu et al. 2017). MMQsoil = MMQ |
| x Q10(MAST \u2013 20)/10, where Q10 was assumed to be 2 (Xu et al. | | x Q10(MAST \u2013 20)/10, where Q10 was assumed to be 2 (Xu et al. |
| 2017). See Supplementary Fig S2 for comparison of air and soil | | 2017). See Supplementary Fig S2 for comparison of air and soil |
| temperatures across the 23 sites as well as the incubation | | temperatures across the 23 sites as well as the incubation |
| temperature. \r\nSome of the explanatory variables (clay, soil organic | | temperature. \r\nSome of the explanatory variables (clay, soil organic |
| C, C:N ratio) were skewed and were thus log-transformed prior to | | C, C:N ratio) were skewed and were thus log-transformed prior to |
| analyses. All continuous explanatory variables were centred and scaled | | analyses. All continuous explanatory variables were centred and scaled |
| to have a mean of zero and variance of one. To avoid collinearity | | to have a mean of zero and variance of one. To avoid collinearity |
| between them we filtered them using correlation analysis | | between them we filtered them using correlation analysis |
| (Supplementary Fig S3). From the variables that were strongly | | (Supplementary Fig S3). From the variables that were strongly |
| correlated (Pearson\u2019s |r| > 0.70) (Dormann et al., 2013), we | | correlated (Pearson\u2019s |r| > 0.70) (Dormann et al., 2013), we |
| selected the ones that allowed us to minimize the number of variables | | selected the ones that allowed us to minimize the number of variables |
| (Supplementary Fig S3). Specifically, soil total N concentration, soil | | (Supplementary Fig S3). Specifically, soil total N concentration, soil |
| total C concentration, soil sand content and soil bulk density were | | total C concentration, soil sand content and soil bulk density were |
| dropped from the dataset. We then assessed how these edaphoclimatic | | dropped from the dataset. We then assessed how these edaphoclimatic |
| variables are related to MMQ across our global grasslands.\r\nFor | | variables are related to MMQ across our global grasslands.\r\nFor |
| this, we used linear mixed effects models (LMMs) fitted by maximum | | this, we used linear mixed effects models (LMMs) fitted by maximum |
| likelihood with the lme function in the nlme package (version 3.1-153) | | likelihood with the lme function in the nlme package (version 3.1-153) |
| (Pinheiro, Bates, DebRoy, & Sarkar, 2021) in R version 3.6.3. (R Core | | (Pinheiro, Bates, DebRoy, & Sarkar, 2021) in R version 3.6.3. (R Core |
| Team, 2019). We used treatment as a fixed effect and plot nested in | | Team, 2019). We used treatment as a fixed effect and plot nested in |
| site as random effects to assess treatment differences in MMQsoil, as | | site as random effects to assess treatment differences in MMQsoil, as |
| well as MR, and MBC. The number of years since the treatment started | | well as MR, and MBC. The number of years since the treatment started |
| was included as a fixed effect in all the initial models but was not | | was included as a fixed effect in all the initial models but was not |
| significant and therefore not retained in the models. To assess how | | significant and therefore not retained in the models. To assess how |
| differences in MMQsoil were affected by environmental factors (soil, | | differences in MMQsoil were affected by environmental factors (soil, |
| climatic properties) we again used LMMs. Soil and climatic properties | | climatic properties) we again used LMMs. Soil and climatic properties |
| were included as fixed effects and plot nested in site as random | | were included as fixed effects and plot nested in site as random |
| effects. We did not include interactions between environmental | | effects. We did not include interactions between environmental |
| variables. We then used the MuMin package (Barton, 2018) (version | | variables. We then used the MuMin package (Barton, 2018) (version |
| 1.42.1) to select the best models that explained the most variation | | 1.42.1) to select the best models that explained the most variation |
| based on Akaike\u2019s information criterion (AIC; model.avg | | based on Akaike\u2019s information criterion (AIC; model.avg |
| function). We used the corrected AIC (AICc) to account for our small | | function). We used the corrected AIC (AICc) to account for our small |
| sample size and selected the top models that fell within 4 AICc units | | sample size and selected the top models that fell within 4 AICc units |
| (delta AICc < 4) (Burnham & Anderson, 2002; Johnson & Omland, 2004). | | (delta AICc < 4) (Burnham & Anderson, 2002; Johnson & Omland, 2004). |
| We present all our top models rather than model averages. Conditional | | We present all our top models rather than model averages. Conditional |
| averages are provided in the Supplementary material. \r\nBased on | | averages are provided in the Supplementary material. \r\nBased on |
| findings from analyses described above and the literature, we | | findings from analyses described above and the literature, we |
| developed a conceptual model of direct and indirect relationships | | developed a conceptual model of direct and indirect relationships |
| between both edaphoclimatic variables and experimental treatments | | between both edaphoclimatic variables and experimental treatments |
| (Supplement Figure S4) to obtain a more holistic approach in | | (Supplement Figure S4) to obtain a more holistic approach in |
| understanding how these properties affect MMQsoil. We had data from 23 | | understanding how these properties affect MMQsoil. We had data from 23 |
| sites with 272 observations. We tested this model using structural | | sites with 272 observations. We tested this model using structural |
| equation modelling based on a d-sep approach (Lefcheck, 2016; Shipley, | | equation modelling based on a d-sep approach (Lefcheck, 2016; Shipley, |
| 2009). We considered those environmental drivers that were included in | | 2009). We considered those environmental drivers that were included in |
| our top LMMs, namely temperature of the wettest quarter (T.q.wet), | | our top LMMs, namely temperature of the wettest quarter (T.q.wet), |
| soil pH, water holding capacity (WHC) and soil organic C (organic C; | | soil pH, water holding capacity (WHC) and soil organic C (organic C; |
| Supplementary Figure S4). These factors were allowed to directly | | Supplementary Figure S4). These factors were allowed to directly |
| affect MMQsoil, and via their interactions with treatments. In | | affect MMQsoil, and via their interactions with treatments. In |
| addition, treatments were allowed to directly affect MMQsoil. | | addition, treatments were allowed to directly affect MMQsoil. |
| Treatments were included as dummy variables in the model. We tested | | Treatments were included as dummy variables in the model. We tested |
| our conceptual model (Supplementary Fig S4) using the piecewiseSEM | | our conceptual model (Supplementary Fig S4) using the piecewiseSEM |
| package (version 2.0.2; Lefcheck, 2016) in R 3.4.0, in which a | | package (version 2.0.2; Lefcheck, 2016) in R 3.4.0, in which a |
| structured set of linear models are fitted individually. This approach | | structured set of linear models are fitted individually. This approach |
| allowed us to account for the nested experimental design, and overcome | | allowed us to account for the nested experimental design, and overcome |
| some of the limitations of standard structural equation models, such | | some of the limitations of standard structural equation models, such |
| as small sample sizes (Lefcheck, 2016; Shipley, 2009). We used the lme | | as small sample sizes (Lefcheck, 2016; Shipley, 2009). We used the lme |
| function of the nlme package to model response variables, including | | function of the nlme package to model response variables, including |
| site as a random factor. Good fit of the SEM was assumed when | | site as a random factor. Good fit of the SEM was assumed when |
| Fisher\u2019s C values were non-significant (p > 0.05). For all | | Fisher\u2019s C values were non-significant (p > 0.05). For all |
| significant interactions between soil or climate variables and | | significant interactions between soil or climate variables and |
| treatments detected in the SEMs, we calculated treatment effect sizes, | | treatments detected in the SEMs, we calculated treatment effect sizes, |
| i.e., the differences in MMQsoil between Control and treatments as log | | i.e., the differences in MMQsoil between Control and treatments as log |
| response ratios (LRR) and plotted these values against the climate or | | response ratios (LRR) and plotted these values against the climate or |
| soil factors. The LRR were defined as log(Control/Treatment), where | | soil factors. The LRR were defined as log(Control/Treatment), where |
| treatment was either Fence, NPK or NPK+Fence. To assess which of the | | treatment was either Fence, NPK or NPK+Fence. To assess which of the |
| LRR-climate or soil property relationships were significant we again | | LRR-climate or soil property relationships were significant we again |
| used LMMs, in which soil and climatic properties were included as | | used LMMs, in which soil and climatic properties were included as |
| fixed effects and plot nested in site as random effects. \r\n", | | fixed effects and plot nested in site as random effects. \r\n", |
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