Changes
On February 20, 2023 at 10:16:15 AM UTC,
-
Set author of Drivers of the microbial metabolic quotient across global grasslands to [{"affiliation": "Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL", "affiliation_02": "", "affiliation_03": "", "data_credit": ["collection", "validation", "curation", "publication"], "email": "anita.risch@wsl.ch", "given_name": "Anita C.", "identifier": "", "name": "Risch"}, {"affiliation": "Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL", "affiliation_02": "", "affiliation_03": "", "data_credit": ["collection", "validation"], "email": "stephan.zimmermann@wsl.ch", "given_name": "Stephan", "identifier": "0000-0002-7085-0284", "name": "Zimmermann"}, {"affiliation": "WSL", "affiliation_02": "", "affiliation_03": "", "data_credit": "curation", "email": "martin.schuetz@wsl.ch", "given_name": "Martin", "identifier": "", "name": "Sch\u00fctz"}, {"affiliation": "USDA-ARS Grassland, Soil, and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, TX, 76502, USA", "affiliation_02": "", "affiliation_03": "", "data_credit": "collection", "email": "philip.fay@usda.gov", "given_name": "Philip A.", "identifier": "0000-0003-2259-5853", "name": "Fay"}, {"affiliation": "Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108", "affiliation_02": "", "affiliation_03": "", "data_credit": "collection", "email": "borer@umn.edu", "given_name": "Elizabeth T.", "identifier": "0000-0002-8438-7163", "name": "Borer"}] (previously [{"affiliation": "Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL", "affiliation_02": "", "affiliation_03": "", "data_credit": ["collection", "validation", "curation", "publication"], "email": "anita.risch@wsl.ch", "given_name": "Anita C.", "identifier": "", "name": "Risch"}, {"affiliation": "Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL", "affiliation_02": "", "affiliation_03": "", "data_credit": ["collection", "validation"], "email": "stephan.zimmermann@wsl.ch", "given_name": "Stephan", "identifier": "0000-0002-7085-0284", "name": "Zimmermann"}, {"affiliation": "WSL", "affiliation_02": "", "affiliation_03": "", "data_credit": "curation", "email": "martin.schuetz@wsl.ch", "given_name": "Martin", "identifier": "", "name": "Sch\u00fctz"}, {"affiliation": "USDA-ARS Grassland, Soil, and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, TX, 76502, USA", "affiliation_02": "", "affiliation_03": "", "autocomplete": "", "data_credit": "collection", "email": "philip.fay@usda.gov", "given_name": "Philip A.", "identifier": "0000-0003-2259-5853", "name": "Fay"}])
f | 1 | { | f | 1 | { |
2 | "author": "[{\"affiliation\": \"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, | 2 | "author": "[{\"affiliation\": \"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, | ||
3 | Snow and Landscape Research WSL\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", | 3 | Snow and Landscape Research WSL\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", | ||
4 | \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": [\"collection\", | 4 | \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": [\"collection\", | ||
5 | \"validation\", \"curation\", \"publication\"], \"email\": | 5 | \"validation\", \"curation\", \"publication\"], \"email\": | ||
6 | \"anita.risch@wsl.ch\", \"given_name\": \"Anita C.\", \"identifier\": | 6 | \"anita.risch@wsl.ch\", \"given_name\": \"Anita C.\", \"identifier\": | ||
7 | \"\", \"name\": \"Risch\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"Swiss Federal | 7 | \"\", \"name\": \"Risch\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"Swiss Federal | ||
8 | Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL\", | 8 | Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL\", | ||
9 | \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": | 9 | \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": | ||
10 | [\"collection\", \"validation\"], \"email\": | 10 | [\"collection\", \"validation\"], \"email\": | ||
11 | \"stephan.zimmermann@wsl.ch\", \"given_name\": \"Stephan\", | 11 | \"stephan.zimmermann@wsl.ch\", \"given_name\": \"Stephan\", | ||
12 | \"identifier\": \"0000-0002-7085-0284\", \"name\": \"Zimmermann\"}, | 12 | \"identifier\": \"0000-0002-7085-0284\", \"name\": \"Zimmermann\"}, | ||
13 | {\"affiliation\": \"WSL\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", | 13 | {\"affiliation\": \"WSL\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", | ||
14 | \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"curation\", \"email\": | 14 | \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"curation\", \"email\": | ||
15 | \"martin.schuetz@wsl.ch\", \"given_name\": \"Martin\", \"identifier\": | 15 | \"martin.schuetz@wsl.ch\", \"given_name\": \"Martin\", \"identifier\": | ||
16 | \"\", \"name\": \"Sch\\u00fctz\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"USDA-ARS | 16 | \"\", \"name\": \"Sch\\u00fctz\"}, {\"affiliation\": \"USDA-ARS | ||
17 | Grassland, Soil, and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, TX, 76502, | 17 | Grassland, Soil, and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, TX, 76502, | ||
18 | USA\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", | 18 | USA\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", \"affiliation_03\": \"\", | ||
n | n | 19 | \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": \"philip.fay@usda.gov\", | ||
20 | \"given_name\": \"Philip A.\", \"identifier\": | ||||
21 | \"0000-0003-2259-5853\", \"name\": \"Fay\"}, {\"affiliation\": | ||||
22 | \"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of | ||||
23 | Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108\", \"affiliation_02\": \"\", | ||||
19 | \"autocomplete\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": | 24 | \"affiliation_03\": \"\", \"data_credit\": \"collection\", \"email\": | ||
20 | \"philip.fay@usda.gov\", \"given_name\": \"Philip A.\", | 25 | \"borer@umn.edu\", \"given_name\": \"Elizabeth T.\", \"identifier\": | ||
21 | \"identifier\": \"0000-0003-2259-5853\", \"name\": \"Fay\"}]", | 26 | \"0000-0002-8438-7163\", \"name\": \"Borer\"}]", | ||
22 | "author_email": null, | 27 | "author_email": null, | ||
23 | "creator_user_id": "d30dde41-6b11-44de-9191-23cdd5bda0e9", | 28 | "creator_user_id": "d30dde41-6b11-44de-9191-23cdd5bda0e9", | ||
24 | "date": "[{\"date\": \"2015-04-01\", \"date_type\": \"collected\", | 29 | "date": "[{\"date\": \"2015-04-01\", \"date_type\": \"collected\", | ||
25 | \"end_date\": \"2016-12-31\"}]", | 30 | \"end_date\": \"2016-12-31\"}]", | ||
26 | "doi": "10.16904/envidat.379", | 31 | "doi": "10.16904/envidat.379", | ||
27 | "funding": "[{\"grant_number\": \"\", \"institution\": \"WSL | 32 | "funding": "[{\"grant_number\": \"\", \"institution\": \"WSL | ||
28 | internal competitive grant\", \"institution_url\": \"\"}, | 33 | internal competitive grant\", \"institution_url\": \"\"}, | ||
29 | {\"grant_number\": \"NSF-DEB-1042132\", \"institution\": \"National | 34 | {\"grant_number\": \"NSF-DEB-1042132\", \"institution\": \"National | ||
30 | Science Foundation Research Coordination Network\", | 35 | Science Foundation Research Coordination Network\", | ||
31 | \"institution_url\": \"\"}, {\"grant_number\": \"NSF-DEB-1234162 to | 36 | \"institution_url\": \"\"}, {\"grant_number\": \"NSF-DEB-1234162 to | ||
32 | Cedar Creek LTER\", \"institution\": \"Long Term Ecological Research | 37 | Cedar Creek LTER\", \"institution\": \"Long Term Ecological Research | ||
33 | \", \"institution_url\": \"\"}, {\"grant_number\": \"DG-0001-13\", | 38 | \", \"institution_url\": \"\"}, {\"grant_number\": \"DG-0001-13\", | ||
34 | \"institution\": \"Institute on the Environment\", | 39 | \"institution\": \"Institute on the Environment\", | ||
35 | \"institution_url\": \"\"}, {\"grant_number\": \"UID/AGR/00239/2019\", | 40 | \"institution_url\": \"\"}, {\"grant_number\": \"UID/AGR/00239/2019\", | ||
36 | \"institution\": \"CEF, a research unit funded by FCT, Portugal\", | 41 | \"institution\": \"CEF, a research unit funded by FCT, Portugal\", | ||
37 | \"institution_url\": \"\"}, {\"grant_number\": \"FZT 118, 202548816\", | 42 | \"institution_url\": \"\"}, {\"grant_number\": \"FZT 118, 202548816\", | ||
38 | \"institution\": \"German Research Foundation\", \"institution_url\": | 43 | \"institution\": \"German Research Foundation\", \"institution_url\": | ||
39 | \"\"}]", | 44 | \"\"}]", | ||
40 | "groups": [], | 45 | "groups": [], | ||
41 | "id": "679bdff7-9fb3-4704-be93-8add5cb206ba", | 46 | "id": "679bdff7-9fb3-4704-be93-8add5cb206ba", | ||
42 | "isopen": true, | 47 | "isopen": true, | ||
43 | "language": "en", | 48 | "language": "en", | ||
44 | "license_id": "odc-odbl", | 49 | "license_id": "odc-odbl", | ||
45 | "license_title": "ODbL with Database Contents License (DbCL)", | 50 | "license_title": "ODbL with Database Contents License (DbCL)", | ||
46 | "license_url": "https://opendefinition.org/licenses/odc-odbl", | 51 | "license_url": "https://opendefinition.org/licenses/odc-odbl", | ||
47 | "maintainer": "{\"affiliation\": \"Swiss Federal Institute for | 52 | "maintainer": "{\"affiliation\": \"Swiss Federal Institute for | ||
48 | Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL\", \"email\": | 53 | Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL\", \"email\": | ||
49 | \"anita.risch@wsl.ch\", \"given_name\": \"Anita C\", \"identifier\": | 54 | \"anita.risch@wsl.ch\", \"given_name\": \"Anita C\", \"identifier\": | ||
50 | \"\", \"name\": \"Risch\"}", | 55 | \"\", \"name\": \"Risch\"}", | ||
51 | "maintainer_email": null, | 56 | "maintainer_email": null, | ||
52 | "metadata_created": "2023-02-18T03:38:29.406811", | 57 | "metadata_created": "2023-02-18T03:38:29.406811", | ||
t | 53 | "metadata_modified": "2023-02-20T10:13:54.532895", | t | 58 | "metadata_modified": "2023-02-20T10:16:15.862259", |
54 | "name": | 59 | "name": | ||
55 | drivers-of-the-microbial-metabolic-quotient-across-global-grasslands", | 60 | drivers-of-the-microbial-metabolic-quotient-across-global-grasslands", | ||
56 | "notes": "This dataset contains all data on which the following | 61 | "notes": "This dataset contains all data on which the following | ||
57 | publication below is based.\r\n\r\nPaper Citation:\r\n\r\nRisch Anita | 62 | publication below is based.\r\n\r\nPaper Citation:\r\n\r\nRisch Anita | ||
58 | C., Zimmermann, Stefan, Sch\u00fctz, Martin, Borer, Elizabeth T., | 63 | C., Zimmermann, Stefan, Sch\u00fctz, Martin, Borer, Elizabeth T., | ||
59 | Broadbent, Arthur A.D., Caldeira, Maria C., Davies, Kendi F., | 64 | Broadbent, Arthur A.D., Caldeira, Maria C., Davies, Kendi F., | ||
60 | Eisenhauer, Nico, Eskelinen, Anu, Fay, Philip A., Hagedorn, Frank, | 65 | Eisenhauer, Nico, Eskelinen, Anu, Fay, Philip A., Hagedorn, Frank, | ||
61 | Knops, Johannes M.H., Lembrechts, Jonas, J., MacDougall, Andrew S., | 66 | Knops, Johannes M.H., Lembrechts, Jonas, J., MacDougall, Andrew S., | ||
62 | McCulley, Rebecca L., Melbourne, Brett A., Moore, Joslin L., Power, | 67 | McCulley, Rebecca L., Melbourne, Brett A., Moore, Joslin L., Power, | ||
63 | Sally A., Seabloom, Eric W., Silveira, Maria L., Virtanen, Risto, | 68 | Sally A., Seabloom, Eric W., Silveira, Maria L., Virtanen, Risto, | ||
64 | Yahdjian, Laura, Ochoa-Hueso, Raul (accepted). Drivers of the | 69 | Yahdjian, Laura, Ochoa-Hueso, Raul (accepted). Drivers of the | ||
65 | microbial metabolic quotient across global grasslands. Global Ecology | 70 | microbial metabolic quotient across global grasslands. Global Ecology | ||
66 | and Biogeography\r\n\r\nPlease cite this paper together with the | 71 | and Biogeography\r\n\r\nPlease cite this paper together with the | ||
67 | citation for the datafile.\r\n\r\nThe microbial metabolic quotient | 72 | citation for the datafile.\r\n\r\nThe microbial metabolic quotient | ||
68 | (MMQ; mg CO2-C mg MBC-1 h-1), defined as the amount of microbial CO2 | 73 | (MMQ; mg CO2-C mg MBC-1 h-1), defined as the amount of microbial CO2 | ||
69 | respired (MR; mg CO2-C kg soil-1 h-1) per unit of microbial biomass C | 74 | respired (MR; mg CO2-C kg soil-1 h-1) per unit of microbial biomass C | ||
70 | (MBC; mg C kg soil-1), is a key parameter for understanding the | 75 | (MBC; mg C kg soil-1), is a key parameter for understanding the | ||
71 | microbial regulation of the carbon (C) cycle, including soil C | 76 | microbial regulation of the carbon (C) cycle, including soil C | ||
72 | sequestration. Here, we experimentally tested hypotheses about the | 77 | sequestration. Here, we experimentally tested hypotheses about the | ||
73 | individual and interactive effects of multiple nutrient addition | 78 | individual and interactive effects of multiple nutrient addition | ||
74 | (NPK+micronutrients) and herbivore exclusion on MR, MBC, and MMQ | 79 | (NPK+micronutrients) and herbivore exclusion on MR, MBC, and MMQ | ||
75 | across 23 sites (5 continents). Our sites encompassed a wide range of | 80 | across 23 sites (5 continents). Our sites encompassed a wide range of | ||
76 | edaphoclimatic conditions, thus we assessed which edaphoclimatic | 81 | edaphoclimatic conditions, thus we assessed which edaphoclimatic | ||
77 | variables affected MMQ the most and how they interacted with our | 82 | variables affected MMQ the most and how they interacted with our | ||
78 | treatments. Soils were collected in plots with established | 83 | treatments. Soils were collected in plots with established | ||
79 | experimental treatments. MR was assessed in a five-week laboratory | 84 | experimental treatments. MR was assessed in a five-week laboratory | ||
80 | incubation without glucose addition, MBC via substrate-induced | 85 | incubation without glucose addition, MBC via substrate-induced | ||
81 | respiration. MMQ was calculated as MR/MBC and corrected for soil | 86 | respiration. MMQ was calculated as MR/MBC and corrected for soil | ||
82 | temperatures (MMQsoil). Using LMMs and SEMs, we analysed how | 87 | temperatures (MMQsoil). Using LMMs and SEMs, we analysed how | ||
83 | edaphoclimatic characteristics and treatments interactively affected | 88 | edaphoclimatic characteristics and treatments interactively affected | ||
84 | MMQsoil. MMQsoil was higher in locations with higher mean annual | 89 | MMQsoil. MMQsoil was higher in locations with higher mean annual | ||
85 | temperature, lower water holding capacity, and soil organic C | 90 | temperature, lower water holding capacity, and soil organic C | ||
86 | concentration, but did not respond to our treatments across sites as | 91 | concentration, but did not respond to our treatments across sites as | ||
87 | neither MR nor MBC changed. We attributed this relative homeostasis to | 92 | neither MR nor MBC changed. We attributed this relative homeostasis to | ||
88 | our treatments to the modulating influence of edaphoclimatic | 93 | our treatments to the modulating influence of edaphoclimatic | ||
89 | variables. For example, herbivore exclusion, regardless of | 94 | variables. For example, herbivore exclusion, regardless of | ||
90 | fertilization, led to greater MMQsoil only at sites with lower soil | 95 | fertilization, led to greater MMQsoil only at sites with lower soil | ||
91 | organic C (<1.7%). Our results pinpoint the main variables related to | 96 | organic C (<1.7%). Our results pinpoint the main variables related to | ||
92 | MMQsoil across grasslands and emphasize the importance of the local | 97 | MMQsoil across grasslands and emphasize the importance of the local | ||
93 | edaphoclimatic conditions in controlling the response of the C cycle | 98 | edaphoclimatic conditions in controlling the response of the C cycle | ||
94 | to anthropogenic stressors. By testing hypotheses about MMQsoil across | 99 | to anthropogenic stressors. By testing hypotheses about MMQsoil across | ||
95 | global edaphoclimatic gradients, this work also helps to align the | 100 | global edaphoclimatic gradients, this work also helps to align the | ||
96 | conflicting results of prior studies. \r\n", | 101 | conflicting results of prior studies. \r\n", | ||
97 | "num_resources": 1, | 102 | "num_resources": 1, | ||
98 | "num_tags": 7, | 103 | "num_tags": 7, | ||
99 | "organization": { | 104 | "organization": { | ||
100 | "approval_status": "approved", | 105 | "approval_status": "approved", | ||
101 | "created": "2018-04-20T09:51:26.756810", | 106 | "created": "2018-04-20T09:51:26.756810", | ||
102 | "description": "We are studying the distribution of and | 107 | "description": "We are studying the distribution of and | ||
103 | interactions among producers, consumers as well as decomposers and | 108 | interactions among producers, consumers as well as decomposers and | ||
104 | between these communities and their environment. We focus on food webs | 109 | between these communities and their environment. We focus on food webs | ||
105 | in real world ecosystems and thus mainly sample our data during | 110 | in real world ecosystems and thus mainly sample our data during | ||
106 | experimental field campaigns. Data collection under controlled | 111 | experimental field campaigns. Data collection under controlled | ||
107 | conditions in the greenhouse or experimental garden are, however, | 112 | conditions in the greenhouse or experimental garden are, however, | ||
108 | common add-ons hereby. We are mainly interested in the functioning of | 113 | common add-ons hereby. We are mainly interested in the functioning of | ||
109 | natural ecosystems and often conduct research in National Parks around | 114 | natural ecosystems and often conduct research in National Parks around | ||
110 | the world. Our main study area is, however, the Swiss National Park. | 115 | the world. Our main study area is, however, the Swiss National Park. | ||
111 | While working on basic research questions, we regularly consider | 116 | While working on basic research questions, we regularly consider | ||
112 | applied aspects that are related to protecting or conserving | 117 | applied aspects that are related to protecting or conserving | ||
113 | endangered ecosystems.\r\n\r\nExamples of research question of our | 118 | endangered ecosystems.\r\n\r\nExamples of research question of our | ||
114 | research group assesses are:\r\n\r\nHow is species loss related to | 119 | research group assesses are:\r\n\r\nHow is species loss related to | ||
115 | ecosystem processes and functions? Which species or species groups are | 120 | ecosystem processes and functions? Which species or species groups are | ||
116 | particularly relevant for ecosystem functioning? Which effects are | 121 | particularly relevant for ecosystem functioning? Which effects are | ||
117 | expected with the loss of such important species groups? How are | 122 | expected with the loss of such important species groups? How are | ||
118 | aboveground organisms interacting with belowground organisms? Which | 123 | aboveground organisms interacting with belowground organisms? Which | ||
119 | abiotic and biotic conditions favor diverse ecosystems? Is global | 124 | abiotic and biotic conditions favor diverse ecosystems? Is global | ||
120 | change (for example eutrophication, habitat fragmentation, climate) a | 125 | change (for example eutrophication, habitat fragmentation, climate) a | ||
121 | thread for diverse ecosystems? How can diverse ecosystems be | 126 | thread for diverse ecosystems? How can diverse ecosystems be | ||
122 | protected?", | 127 | protected?", | ||
123 | "id": "60e92a46-5f9b-4a06-a32e-6a5e04869486", | 128 | "id": "60e92a46-5f9b-4a06-a32e-6a5e04869486", | ||
124 | "image_url": "2018-07-10-090227.680797LogoWSL.svg", | 129 | "image_url": "2018-07-10-090227.680797LogoWSL.svg", | ||
125 | "is_organization": true, | 130 | "is_organization": true, | ||
126 | "name": "plant-animal-interactions", | 131 | "name": "plant-animal-interactions", | ||
127 | "state": "active", | 132 | "state": "active", | ||
128 | "title": "Plant-Animal Interactions", | 133 | "title": "Plant-Animal Interactions", | ||
129 | "type": "organization" | 134 | "type": "organization" | ||
130 | }, | 135 | }, | ||
131 | "owner_org": "60e92a46-5f9b-4a06-a32e-6a5e04869486", | 136 | "owner_org": "60e92a46-5f9b-4a06-a32e-6a5e04869486", | ||
132 | "private": false, | 137 | "private": false, | ||
133 | "publication": "{\"publication_year\": \"2023\", \"publisher\": | 138 | "publication": "{\"publication_year\": \"2023\", \"publisher\": | ||
134 | \"EnviDat\"}", | 139 | \"EnviDat\"}", | ||
135 | "publication_state": "pub_pending", | 140 | "publication_state": "pub_pending", | ||
136 | "related_datasets": "", | 141 | "related_datasets": "", | ||
137 | "related_publications": "Risch Anita C., Zimmermann, Stefan, | 142 | "related_publications": "Risch Anita C., Zimmermann, Stefan, | ||
138 | Sch\u00fctz, Martin, Borer, Elizabeth T., Broadbent, Arthur A.D., | 143 | Sch\u00fctz, Martin, Borer, Elizabeth T., Broadbent, Arthur A.D., | ||
139 | Caldeira, Maria C., Davies, Kendi F., Eisenhauer, Nico, Eskelinen, | 144 | Caldeira, Maria C., Davies, Kendi F., Eisenhauer, Nico, Eskelinen, | ||
140 | Anu, Fay, Philip A., Hagedorn, Frank, Knops, Johannes M.H., | 145 | Anu, Fay, Philip A., Hagedorn, Frank, Knops, Johannes M.H., | ||
141 | Lembrechts, Jonas, J., MacDougall, Andrew S., McCulley, Rebecca L., | 146 | Lembrechts, Jonas, J., MacDougall, Andrew S., McCulley, Rebecca L., | ||
142 | Melbourne, Brett A., Moore, Joslin L., Power, Sally A., Seabloom, Eric | 147 | Melbourne, Brett A., Moore, Joslin L., Power, Sally A., Seabloom, Eric | ||
143 | W., Silveira, Maria L., Virtanen, Risto, Yahdjian, Laura, Ochoa-Hueso, | 148 | W., Silveira, Maria L., Virtanen, Risto, Yahdjian, Laura, Ochoa-Hueso, | ||
144 | Raul (accepted). Drivers of the microbial metabolic quotient across | 149 | Raul (accepted). Drivers of the microbial metabolic quotient across | ||
145 | global grasslands. Global Ecology and Biogeography", | 150 | global grasslands. Global Ecology and Biogeography", | ||
146 | "relationships_as_object": [], | 151 | "relationships_as_object": [], | ||
147 | "relationships_as_subject": [], | 152 | "relationships_as_subject": [], | ||
148 | "resource_type": "datapaper", | 153 | "resource_type": "datapaper", | ||
149 | "resource_type_general": "datapaper", | 154 | "resource_type_general": "datapaper", | ||
150 | "resources": [ | 155 | "resources": [ | ||
151 | { | 156 | { | ||
152 | "cache_last_updated": null, | 157 | "cache_last_updated": null, | ||
153 | "cache_url": null, | 158 | "cache_url": null, | ||
154 | "created": "2023-02-18T03:43:03.643074", | 159 | "created": "2023-02-18T03:43:03.643074", | ||
155 | "description": "Study sites and experimental design\r\nWe | 160 | "description": "Study sites and experimental design\r\nWe | ||
156 | collected data from 23 sites that are part of the Nutrient Network | 161 | collected data from 23 sites that are part of the Nutrient Network | ||
157 | Global Research Cooperative (NutNet, https://nutnet.umn.edu/). The | 162 | Global Research Cooperative (NutNet, https://nutnet.umn.edu/). The | ||
158 | mean annual air temperature (MAT) across these sites ranged from -4 to | 163 | mean annual air temperature (MAT) across these sites ranged from -4 to | ||
159 | 22\u00b0C, mean annual precipitation (MAP) from 252 to 1592 mm, and | 164 | 22\u00b0C, mean annual precipitation (MAP) from 252 to 1592 mm, and | ||
160 | elevations from 6 to 4261 m above sea level (Fig 1a, Supplementary | 165 | elevations from 6 to 4261 m above sea level (Fig 1a, Supplementary | ||
161 | Table S1), hence cover a wide range of climatic conditions under which | 166 | Table S1), hence cover a wide range of climatic conditions under which | ||
162 | grasslands occur (Fig 1b). Soil organic C concentrations ranged | 167 | grasslands occur (Fig 1b). Soil organic C concentrations ranged | ||
163 | between 0.8 to 7.8%, soil total N concentrations between 0.1 and 0.6%, | 168 | between 0.8 to 7.8%, soil total N concentrations between 0.1 and 0.6%, | ||
164 | and the soil C:N ratio between 9.1 and 21.5. Soil clay content spanned | 169 | and the soil C:N ratio between 9.1 and 21.5. Soil clay content spanned | ||
165 | from 3.0 to 35%, and soil pH from 3.4 to 7.6 (Supplementary Table S2). | 170 | from 3.0 to 35%, and soil pH from 3.4 to 7.6 (Supplementary Table S2). | ||
166 | \r\nAt each site, the effects of nutrient addition and herbivore | 171 | \r\nAt each site, the effects of nutrient addition and herbivore | ||
167 | exclusion were tested via a randomized-block design (Borer et al., | 172 | exclusion were tested via a randomized-block design (Borer et al., | ||
168 | 2014). Three blocks with 10 treatment plots each were established at | 173 | 2014). Three blocks with 10 treatment plots each were established at | ||
169 | each site, except for the site at bldr.us (only two blocks). Each of | 174 | each site, except for the site at bldr.us (only two blocks). Each of | ||
170 | these 10 plots was randomly assigned to a nutrient or fencing | 175 | these 10 plots was randomly assigned to a nutrient or fencing | ||
171 | treatment. An individual plot was 5 x 5 m, divided into four 2.5 x 2.5 | 176 | treatment. An individual plot was 5 x 5 m, divided into four 2.5 x 2.5 | ||
172 | m subplots. Each subplot was further divided into four 1 x 1 m square | 177 | m subplots. Each subplot was further divided into four 1 x 1 m square | ||
173 | sampling plots, one of which was set aside for soil sampling (Borer et | 178 | sampling plots, one of which was set aside for soil sampling (Borer et | ||
174 | al., 2014). Plots were separated by at least 1 m wide walkways. We | 179 | al., 2014). Plots were separated by at least 1 m wide walkways. We | ||
175 | collected soil samples from four different treatments for this study: | 180 | collected soil samples from four different treatments for this study: | ||
176 | (i) untreated control plots (Control), (ii) herbivore exclusion plots | 181 | (i) untreated control plots (Control), (ii) herbivore exclusion plots | ||
177 | (Fence), (iii) plots fertilized with N, P, K, plus nine essential | 182 | (Fence), (iii) plots fertilized with N, P, K, plus nine essential | ||
178 | macro and micronutrients (NPK), and (iv) plots with simultaneous | 183 | macro and micronutrients (NPK), and (iv) plots with simultaneous | ||
179 | fertilizer addition and herbivore exclusion (NPK+Fence). The | 184 | fertilizer addition and herbivore exclusion (NPK+Fence). The | ||
180 | experiments were established at different times in the past, with | 185 | experiments were established at different times in the past, with | ||
181 | years of treatment different among sites (2 \u2013 9 years since start | 186 | years of treatment different among sites (2 \u2013 9 years since start | ||
182 | of treatment; Supplementary Table S1). For the nutrient additions, all | 187 | of treatment; Supplementary Table S1). For the nutrient additions, all | ||
183 | sites applied 10 g N m-2 each year as time-release urea; 10 g P m-2 | 188 | sites applied 10 g N m-2 each year as time-release urea; 10 g P m-2 | ||
184 | yr-1 as triple-super phosphate; 10 g K m-2 yr-1 as potassium sulfate. | 189 | yr-1 as triple-super phosphate; 10 g K m-2 yr-1 as potassium sulfate. | ||
185 | A micro-nutrient mix (Fe, S, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Mo, Ca) was applied at | 190 | A micro-nutrient mix (Fe, S, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Mo, Ca) was applied at | ||
186 | 100 g m-2 together with K in the first year of treatments but not | 191 | 100 g m-2 together with K in the first year of treatments but not | ||
187 | thereafter. \r\nWe excluded large vertebrate herbivores (Fence) by | 192 | thereafter. \r\nWe excluded large vertebrate herbivores (Fence) by | ||
188 | fencing two plots, one with and one without NPK additions, within each | 193 | fencing two plots, one with and one without NPK additions, within each | ||
189 | block. The fences excluded all aboveground mammalian herbivores with a | 194 | block. The fences excluded all aboveground mammalian herbivores with a | ||
190 | body mass of over 50 g (Borer et al., 2014). At most sites, the fences | 195 | body mass of over 50 g (Borer et al., 2014). At most sites, the fences | ||
191 | were 180 cm high, and the fence contained a wire mesh (1 cm holes) for | 196 | were 180 cm high, and the fence contained a wire mesh (1 cm holes) for | ||
192 | the bottom 90 cm with a 30 cm outward-facing flange stapled to the | 197 | the bottom 90 cm with a 30 cm outward-facing flange stapled to the | ||
193 | ground to exclude burrowing animals. Climbing and subterranean animals | 198 | ground to exclude burrowing animals. Climbing and subterranean animals | ||
194 | may potentially still access these plots (Borer et al., 2014). For | 199 | may potentially still access these plots (Borer et al., 2014). For | ||
195 | slight modifications in fence design at a few sites see Supplementary | 200 | slight modifications in fence design at a few sites see Supplementary | ||
196 | Table S3. Most sites only had wild herbivores, although four sites | 201 | Table S3. Most sites only had wild herbivores, although four sites | ||
197 | were also grazed by domestic animals (Supplementary Table | 202 | were also grazed by domestic animals (Supplementary Table | ||
198 | S1).\r\n\r\nCollection of soil samples, soil microbial respiration, | 203 | S1).\r\n\r\nCollection of soil samples, soil microbial respiration, | ||
199 | microbial biomass, and other soil properties\r\nEach of the 23 sites | 204 | microbial biomass, and other soil properties\r\nEach of the 23 sites | ||
200 | received a package containing identical material from the Swiss | 205 | received a package containing identical material from the Swiss | ||
201 | Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, | 206 | Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, | ||
202 | Switzerland to be used for sampling (Risch et al., 2015; Risch et al., | 207 | Switzerland to be used for sampling (Risch et al., 2015; Risch et al., | ||
203 | 2019). We collected two soil cores of 5 cm diameter and 12 cm depth in | 208 | 2019). We collected two soil cores of 5 cm diameter and 12 cm depth in | ||
204 | each sampling plot and composited them to measure MR, MBC, and soil | 209 | each sampling plot and composited them to measure MR, MBC, and soil | ||
205 | chemical properties (see below). An additional sample (5 x 12 cm) was | 210 | chemical properties (see below). An additional sample (5 x 12 cm) was | ||
206 | collected to assess soil physical properties. This sample remained | 211 | collected to assess soil physical properties. This sample remained | ||
207 | within a steel sampling core after collection and both ends were | 212 | within a steel sampling core after collection and both ends were | ||
208 | tightly closed with plastic caps to avoid disturbance. All soils were | 213 | tightly closed with plastic caps to avoid disturbance. All soils were | ||
209 | shipped cooled to the laboratory at (Location will be disclosed after | 214 | shipped cooled to the laboratory at (Location will be disclosed after | ||
210 | manuscript acceptance) within a few days after collection. Soils were | 215 | manuscript acceptance) within a few days after collection. Soils were | ||
211 | sampled roughly 6 weeks prior to peak biomass at each site during 2015 | 216 | sampled roughly 6 weeks prior to peak biomass at each site during 2015 | ||
212 | and 2016.\r\nTo assess MR (CO2 production) in a laboratory incubation | 217 | and 2016.\r\nTo assess MR (CO2 production) in a laboratory incubation | ||
213 | experiment we weighed duplicate soil samples (8 g dry soil equivalent) | 218 | experiment we weighed duplicate soil samples (8 g dry soil equivalent) | ||
214 | into 50-ml Falcon tubes. No additional substrate (glucose, sugar) was | 219 | into 50-ml Falcon tubes. No additional substrate (glucose, sugar) was | ||
215 | added to these samples. We adjusted the soil moisture of each sample | 220 | added to these samples. We adjusted the soil moisture of each sample | ||
216 | to 60% field capacity. We then placed a 15 ml plastic test tube | 221 | to 60% field capacity. We then placed a 15 ml plastic test tube | ||
217 | (Semadeni 1701A) containing 7.25 ml 0.05 M NaOH over each soil sample. | 222 | (Semadeni 1701A) containing 7.25 ml 0.05 M NaOH over each soil sample. | ||
218 | The test tube was fixed with a plastic rod so that it was not in | 223 | The test tube was fixed with a plastic rod so that it was not in | ||
219 | contact with the soil sample. The Falcon tubes were then sealed with a | 224 | contact with the soil sample. The Falcon tubes were then sealed with a | ||
220 | screw cap and placed in an incubator under completely dark conditions | 225 | screw cap and placed in an incubator under completely dark conditions | ||
221 | at 20\u00b0C. The CO2 produced by microbial respiration was absorbed | 226 | at 20\u00b0C. The CO2 produced by microbial respiration was absorbed | ||
222 | by the 0.05 M NaOH. For five weeks we measured the decrease in | 227 | by the 0.05 M NaOH. For five weeks we measured the decrease in | ||
223 | conductivity within the 0.05 M NaOH solution on a weekly basis with a | 228 | conductivity within the 0.05 M NaOH solution on a weekly basis with a | ||
224 | Multimeter WTW Multi 3410 (WTW GmbH, Germany) and replaced the 0.05 M | 229 | Multimeter WTW Multi 3410 (WTW GmbH, Germany) and replaced the 0.05 M | ||
225 | NaOH with fresh solution. We included Falcon tubes without soil | 230 | NaOH with fresh solution. We included Falcon tubes without soil | ||
226 | samples in each incubation run as blanks to test if tubes were tight | 231 | samples in each incubation run as blanks to test if tubes were tight | ||
227 | and no CO2 could enter or escape. We calibrated the relationship | 232 | and no CO2 could enter or escape. We calibrated the relationship | ||
228 | between conductivity reduction and NaOH absorbed as follows: 400 ml | 233 | between conductivity reduction and NaOH absorbed as follows: 400 ml | ||
229 | 0.05 M NaOH was placed in a beaker and its conductivity was measured | 234 | 0.05 M NaOH was placed in a beaker and its conductivity was measured | ||
230 | with the multimeter. While stirring, air containing CO2 was blown into | 235 | with the multimeter. While stirring, air containing CO2 was blown into | ||
231 | the solution for approximately one minute, which reacts with NaOH to | 236 | the solution for approximately one minute, which reacts with NaOH to | ||
232 | form Na2CO3. After this process, conductivity was measured again. We | 237 | form Na2CO3. After this process, conductivity was measured again. We | ||
233 | then transferred 7.25 ml of the solution into a smaller beaker and | 238 | then transferred 7.25 ml of the solution into a smaller beaker and | ||
234 | added 1 ml of 0.1 M BaCl2 to precipitate Na2CO3 and then titrated the | 239 | added 1 ml of 0.1 M BaCl2 to precipitate Na2CO3 and then titrated the | ||
235 | solution with 0.05 M HCl to determine the remaining NaOH. We then | 240 | solution with 0.05 M HCl to determine the remaining NaOH. We then | ||
236 | repeated these steps with the remaining solution a total of nine times | 241 | repeated these steps with the remaining solution a total of nine times | ||
237 | and plotted the conductivities (y-axis) against the NaOH consumed | 242 | and plotted the conductivities (y-axis) against the NaOH consumed | ||
238 | (x-axis, Supplementary Fig S1). This regression line was used to infer | 243 | (x-axis, Supplementary Fig S1). This regression line was used to infer | ||
239 | the consumption of NaOH from the conductivity reduction in the | 244 | the consumption of NaOH from the conductivity reduction in the | ||
240 | incubation experiments and to calculate CO2 evolution during | 245 | incubation experiments and to calculate CO2 evolution during | ||
241 | incubation. In addition, we determined the optimum concentration for | 246 | incubation. In addition, we determined the optimum concentration for | ||
242 | the NaOH solution in series of preliminary experiments, so that the | 247 | the NaOH solution in series of preliminary experiments, so that the | ||
243 | concentration was not too high to become insensitive, but also not too | 248 | concentration was not too high to become insensitive, but also not too | ||
244 | low so that not all NaOH reacts during incubation. We then calculated | 249 | low so that not all NaOH reacts during incubation. We then calculated | ||
245 | MR (mg CO2-C kg dry soil-1 h-1) as total amount of CO2 released over | 250 | MR (mg CO2-C kg dry soil-1 h-1) as total amount of CO2 released over | ||
246 | the 5 weeks divided by the duration of the entire incubation in | 251 | the 5 weeks divided by the duration of the entire incubation in | ||
247 | hrs.\r\nSoil microbial biomass carbon (MBC; mg C kg soil-1 ) was | 252 | hrs.\r\nSoil microbial biomass carbon (MBC; mg C kg soil-1 ) was | ||
248 | measured at the beginning of the experiment by measuring the maximal | 253 | measured at the beginning of the experiment by measuring the maximal | ||
249 | respiratory response to the addition of glucose solution (4 mg glucose | 254 | respiratory response to the addition of glucose solution (4 mg glucose | ||
250 | per g soil dry weight dissolved in distilled water; substrate-induced | 255 | per g soil dry weight dissolved in distilled water; substrate-induced | ||
251 | respiration method) on approximately 5.5 g of soil (J. P. E. Anderson | 256 | respiration method) on approximately 5.5 g of soil (J. P. E. Anderson | ||
252 | & Domsch, 1978; Nico Eisenhauer et al., 2018; Scheu, 1992). For this | 257 | & Domsch, 1978; Nico Eisenhauer et al., 2018; Scheu, 1992). For this | ||
253 | purpose we used an O2-micro-compensation apparatus (Scheu, 1992). More | 258 | purpose we used an O2-micro-compensation apparatus (Scheu, 1992). More | ||
254 | specifically, substrate-induced respiration was calculated from the | 259 | specifically, substrate-induced respiration was calculated from the | ||
255 | respiratory response to D-glucose for 10 hr at 20\u00b0C. Glucose was | 260 | respiratory response to D-glucose for 10 hr at 20\u00b0C. Glucose was | ||
256 | added according to preliminary studies to saturate the catabolic | 261 | added according to preliminary studies to saturate the catabolic | ||
257 | enzymes of microorganisms (4 mg g soil-1 dissolved in 400 ml deionized | 262 | enzymes of microorganisms (4 mg g soil-1 dissolved in 400 ml deionized | ||
258 | water). The mean of the lowest three readings within the first 10 hrs | 263 | water). The mean of the lowest three readings within the first 10 hrs | ||
259 | (between the initial peak caused by disturbing the soil and the peak | 264 | (between the initial peak caused by disturbing the soil and the peak | ||
260 | caused by microbial growth) was taken as maximum initial respiratory | 265 | caused by microbial growth) was taken as maximum initial respiratory | ||
261 | response (MIRR; ml O2 kg soil-1 h-1) and microbial biomass (mg C kg | 266 | response (MIRR; ml O2 kg soil-1 h-1) and microbial biomass (mg C kg | ||
262 | soil-1) was calculated as 38 x MIRR (Beck et al., 1997; Cesarz et al., | 267 | soil-1) was calculated as 38 x MIRR (Beck et al., 1997; Cesarz et al., | ||
263 | 2022; Thakur et al., 2015).\r\nThe rest of the composited sample was | 268 | 2022; Thakur et al., 2015).\r\nThe rest of the composited sample was | ||
264 | dried at 65\u00b0C for 48 h, ground and sieved (2 mm mesh) to assess | 269 | dried at 65\u00b0C for 48 h, ground and sieved (2 mm mesh) to assess | ||
265 | the soil pH, mineral soil total C and N and C:N ratio, and mineral | 270 | the soil pH, mineral soil total C and N and C:N ratio, and mineral | ||
266 | soil organic C (Risch et al., 2019). The undisturbed sample was used | 271 | soil organic C (Risch et al., 2019). The undisturbed sample was used | ||
267 | to assess water holding capacity (WHC), bulk density (BD), and soil | 272 | to assess water holding capacity (WHC), bulk density (BD), and soil | ||
268 | texture [sand, silt, clay; methods in (Risch et al., 2019)]. We used | 273 | texture [sand, silt, clay; methods in (Risch et al., 2019)]. We used | ||
269 | the percentage of sand and clay as an indicator of soil texture in | 274 | the percentage of sand and clay as an indicator of soil texture in | ||
270 | this study. MAT (\u00b0C), MAP (mm) and temperature of the wettest | 275 | this study. MAT (\u00b0C), MAP (mm) and temperature of the wettest | ||
271 | quarter (\u00b0C) were obtained from www.worldclim.com (Fick & | 276 | quarter (\u00b0C) were obtained from www.worldclim.com (Fick & | ||
272 | Hijmans, 2017; Hijmans, Cameron, Parra, Jones, & Jarvis, 2005). These | 277 | Hijmans, 2017; Hijmans, Cameron, Parra, Jones, & Jarvis, 2005). These | ||
273 | variables were selected as they were found to be drivers of soil | 278 | variables were selected as they were found to be drivers of soil | ||
274 | nutrient processes across these sites in earlier studies (Risch et | 279 | nutrient processes across these sites in earlier studies (Risch et | ||
275 | al., 2020; Risch et al., 2019). Mean annual soil temperatures (MAST; | 280 | al., 2020; Risch et al., 2019). Mean annual soil temperatures (MAST; | ||
276 | \u00b0C) for the 0 to 5 cm soil layer were obtained for each site from | 281 | \u00b0C) for the 0 to 5 cm soil layer were obtained for each site from | ||
277 | the SoilTemp maps (J. Lembrechts et al., 2021; J. J. Lembrechts et | 282 | the SoilTemp maps (J. Lembrechts et al., 2021; J. J. Lembrechts et | ||
278 | al., 2022), global gridded modelled products of soil bioclimatic | 283 | al., 2022), global gridded modelled products of soil bioclimatic | ||
279 | variables for the 1979-2013 period at a 1-km\u00b2 resolution, based | 284 | variables for the 1979-2013 period at a 1-km\u00b2 resolution, based | ||
280 | on CHELSA, ERA5 and in-situ soil temperature | 285 | on CHELSA, ERA5 and in-situ soil temperature | ||
281 | measurements.\r\nNumerical calculations and statistical analyses\r\nWe | 286 | measurements.\r\nNumerical calculations and statistical analyses\r\nWe | ||
282 | calculated MMQ as MR/MBC. We corrected this measure using the average | 287 | calculated MMQ as MR/MBC. We corrected this measure using the average | ||
283 | soil temperature of each site (MMQsoil). This temperature correction | 288 | soil temperature of each site (MMQsoil). This temperature correction | ||
284 | is necessary as incubation temperatures are usually much higher than | 289 | is necessary as incubation temperatures are usually much higher than | ||
285 | site mean annual soil temperatures (see Xu et al. 2017). MMQsoil = MMQ | 290 | site mean annual soil temperatures (see Xu et al. 2017). MMQsoil = MMQ | ||
286 | x Q10(MAST \u2013 20)/10, where Q10 was assumed to be 2 (Xu et al. | 291 | x Q10(MAST \u2013 20)/10, where Q10 was assumed to be 2 (Xu et al. | ||
287 | 2017). See Supplementary Fig S2 for comparison of air and soil | 292 | 2017). See Supplementary Fig S2 for comparison of air and soil | ||
288 | temperatures across the 23 sites as well as the incubation | 293 | temperatures across the 23 sites as well as the incubation | ||
289 | temperature. \r\nSome of the explanatory variables (clay, soil organic | 294 | temperature. \r\nSome of the explanatory variables (clay, soil organic | ||
290 | C, C:N ratio) were skewed and were thus log-transformed prior to | 295 | C, C:N ratio) were skewed and were thus log-transformed prior to | ||
291 | analyses. All continuous explanatory variables were centred and scaled | 296 | analyses. All continuous explanatory variables were centred and scaled | ||
292 | to have a mean of zero and variance of one. To avoid collinearity | 297 | to have a mean of zero and variance of one. To avoid collinearity | ||
293 | between them we filtered them using correlation analysis | 298 | between them we filtered them using correlation analysis | ||
294 | (Supplementary Fig S3). From the variables that were strongly | 299 | (Supplementary Fig S3). From the variables that were strongly | ||
295 | correlated (Pearson\u2019s |r| > 0.70) (Dormann et al., 2013), we | 300 | correlated (Pearson\u2019s |r| > 0.70) (Dormann et al., 2013), we | ||
296 | selected the ones that allowed us to minimize the number of variables | 301 | selected the ones that allowed us to minimize the number of variables | ||
297 | (Supplementary Fig S3). Specifically, soil total N concentration, soil | 302 | (Supplementary Fig S3). Specifically, soil total N concentration, soil | ||
298 | total C concentration, soil sand content and soil bulk density were | 303 | total C concentration, soil sand content and soil bulk density were | ||
299 | dropped from the dataset. We then assessed how these edaphoclimatic | 304 | dropped from the dataset. We then assessed how these edaphoclimatic | ||
300 | variables are related to MMQ across our global grasslands.\r\nFor | 305 | variables are related to MMQ across our global grasslands.\r\nFor | ||
301 | this, we used linear mixed effects models (LMMs) fitted by maximum | 306 | this, we used linear mixed effects models (LMMs) fitted by maximum | ||
302 | likelihood with the lme function in the nlme package (version 3.1-153) | 307 | likelihood with the lme function in the nlme package (version 3.1-153) | ||
303 | (Pinheiro, Bates, DebRoy, & Sarkar, 2021) in R version 3.6.3. (R Core | 308 | (Pinheiro, Bates, DebRoy, & Sarkar, 2021) in R version 3.6.3. (R Core | ||
304 | Team, 2019). We used treatment as a fixed effect and plot nested in | 309 | Team, 2019). We used treatment as a fixed effect and plot nested in | ||
305 | site as random effects to assess treatment differences in MMQsoil, as | 310 | site as random effects to assess treatment differences in MMQsoil, as | ||
306 | well as MR, and MBC. The number of years since the treatment started | 311 | well as MR, and MBC. The number of years since the treatment started | ||
307 | was included as a fixed effect in all the initial models but was not | 312 | was included as a fixed effect in all the initial models but was not | ||
308 | significant and therefore not retained in the models. To assess how | 313 | significant and therefore not retained in the models. To assess how | ||
309 | differences in MMQsoil were affected by environmental factors (soil, | 314 | differences in MMQsoil were affected by environmental factors (soil, | ||
310 | climatic properties) we again used LMMs. Soil and climatic properties | 315 | climatic properties) we again used LMMs. Soil and climatic properties | ||
311 | were included as fixed effects and plot nested in site as random | 316 | were included as fixed effects and plot nested in site as random | ||
312 | effects. We did not include interactions between environmental | 317 | effects. We did not include interactions between environmental | ||
313 | variables. We then used the MuMin package (Barton, 2018) (version | 318 | variables. We then used the MuMin package (Barton, 2018) (version | ||
314 | 1.42.1) to select the best models that explained the most variation | 319 | 1.42.1) to select the best models that explained the most variation | ||
315 | based on Akaike\u2019s information criterion (AIC; model.avg | 320 | based on Akaike\u2019s information criterion (AIC; model.avg | ||
316 | function). We used the corrected AIC (AICc) to account for our small | 321 | function). We used the corrected AIC (AICc) to account for our small | ||
317 | sample size and selected the top models that fell within 4 AICc units | 322 | sample size and selected the top models that fell within 4 AICc units | ||
318 | (delta AICc < 4) (Burnham & Anderson, 2002; Johnson & Omland, 2004). | 323 | (delta AICc < 4) (Burnham & Anderson, 2002; Johnson & Omland, 2004). | ||
319 | We present all our top models rather than model averages. Conditional | 324 | We present all our top models rather than model averages. Conditional | ||
320 | averages are provided in the Supplementary material. \r\nBased on | 325 | averages are provided in the Supplementary material. \r\nBased on | ||
321 | findings from analyses described above and the literature, we | 326 | findings from analyses described above and the literature, we | ||
322 | developed a conceptual model of direct and indirect relationships | 327 | developed a conceptual model of direct and indirect relationships | ||
323 | between both edaphoclimatic variables and experimental treatments | 328 | between both edaphoclimatic variables and experimental treatments | ||
324 | (Supplement Figure S4) to obtain a more holistic approach in | 329 | (Supplement Figure S4) to obtain a more holistic approach in | ||
325 | understanding how these properties affect MMQsoil. We had data from 23 | 330 | understanding how these properties affect MMQsoil. We had data from 23 | ||
326 | sites with 272 observations. We tested this model using structural | 331 | sites with 272 observations. We tested this model using structural | ||
327 | equation modelling based on a d-sep approach (Lefcheck, 2016; Shipley, | 332 | equation modelling based on a d-sep approach (Lefcheck, 2016; Shipley, | ||
328 | 2009). We considered those environmental drivers that were included in | 333 | 2009). We considered those environmental drivers that were included in | ||
329 | our top LMMs, namely temperature of the wettest quarter (T.q.wet), | 334 | our top LMMs, namely temperature of the wettest quarter (T.q.wet), | ||
330 | soil pH, water holding capacity (WHC) and soil organic C (organic C; | 335 | soil pH, water holding capacity (WHC) and soil organic C (organic C; | ||
331 | Supplementary Figure S4). These factors were allowed to directly | 336 | Supplementary Figure S4). These factors were allowed to directly | ||
332 | affect MMQsoil, and via their interactions with treatments. In | 337 | affect MMQsoil, and via their interactions with treatments. In | ||
333 | addition, treatments were allowed to directly affect MMQsoil. | 338 | addition, treatments were allowed to directly affect MMQsoil. | ||
334 | Treatments were included as dummy variables in the model. We tested | 339 | Treatments were included as dummy variables in the model. We tested | ||
335 | our conceptual model (Supplementary Fig S4) using the piecewiseSEM | 340 | our conceptual model (Supplementary Fig S4) using the piecewiseSEM | ||
336 | package (version 2.0.2; Lefcheck, 2016) in R 3.4.0, in which a | 341 | package (version 2.0.2; Lefcheck, 2016) in R 3.4.0, in which a | ||
337 | structured set of linear models are fitted individually. This approach | 342 | structured set of linear models are fitted individually. This approach | ||
338 | allowed us to account for the nested experimental design, and overcome | 343 | allowed us to account for the nested experimental design, and overcome | ||
339 | some of the limitations of standard structural equation models, such | 344 | some of the limitations of standard structural equation models, such | ||
340 | as small sample sizes (Lefcheck, 2016; Shipley, 2009). We used the lme | 345 | as small sample sizes (Lefcheck, 2016; Shipley, 2009). We used the lme | ||
341 | function of the nlme package to model response variables, including | 346 | function of the nlme package to model response variables, including | ||
342 | site as a random factor. Good fit of the SEM was assumed when | 347 | site as a random factor. Good fit of the SEM was assumed when | ||
343 | Fisher\u2019s C values were non-significant (p > 0.05). For all | 348 | Fisher\u2019s C values were non-significant (p > 0.05). For all | ||
344 | significant interactions between soil or climate variables and | 349 | significant interactions between soil or climate variables and | ||
345 | treatments detected in the SEMs, we calculated treatment effect sizes, | 350 | treatments detected in the SEMs, we calculated treatment effect sizes, | ||
346 | i.e., the differences in MMQsoil between Control and treatments as log | 351 | i.e., the differences in MMQsoil between Control and treatments as log | ||
347 | response ratios (LRR) and plotted these values against the climate or | 352 | response ratios (LRR) and plotted these values against the climate or | ||
348 | soil factors. The LRR were defined as log(Control/Treatment), where | 353 | soil factors. The LRR were defined as log(Control/Treatment), where | ||
349 | treatment was either Fence, NPK or NPK+Fence. To assess which of the | 354 | treatment was either Fence, NPK or NPK+Fence. To assess which of the | ||
350 | LRR-climate or soil property relationships were significant we again | 355 | LRR-climate or soil property relationships were significant we again | ||
351 | used LMMs, in which soil and climatic properties were included as | 356 | used LMMs, in which soil and climatic properties were included as | ||
352 | fixed effects and plot nested in site as random effects. \r\n", | 357 | fixed effects and plot nested in site as random effects. \r\n", | ||
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386 | "name": "ANTHROPOGENIC MANAGEMENT", | 391 | "name": "ANTHROPOGENIC MANAGEMENT", | ||
387 | "state": "active", | 392 | "state": "active", | ||
388 | "vocabulary_id": null | 393 | "vocabulary_id": null | ||
389 | }, | 394 | }, | ||
390 | { | 395 | { | ||
391 | "display_name": "CLIMATE", | 396 | "display_name": "CLIMATE", | ||
392 | "id": "5a33b7dc-dca1-42c3-8651-9d00b5428823", | 397 | "id": "5a33b7dc-dca1-42c3-8651-9d00b5428823", | ||
393 | "name": "CLIMATE", | 398 | "name": "CLIMATE", | ||
394 | "state": "active", | 399 | "state": "active", | ||
395 | "vocabulary_id": null | 400 | "vocabulary_id": null | ||
396 | }, | 401 | }, | ||
397 | { | 402 | { | ||
398 | "display_name": "HERBIVORE EXCLUSION", | 403 | "display_name": "HERBIVORE EXCLUSION", | ||
399 | "id": "f2021f0d-d563-4f9c-a24f-1acebac60b92", | 404 | "id": "f2021f0d-d563-4f9c-a24f-1acebac60b92", | ||
400 | "name": "HERBIVORE EXCLUSION", | 405 | "name": "HERBIVORE EXCLUSION", | ||
401 | "state": "active", | 406 | "state": "active", | ||
402 | "vocabulary_id": null | 407 | "vocabulary_id": null | ||
403 | }, | 408 | }, | ||
404 | { | 409 | { | ||
405 | "display_name": "MICROBIAL BIOMASS CARBON", | 410 | "display_name": "MICROBIAL BIOMASS CARBON", | ||
406 | "id": "edd64a11-276e-4acf-b063-0370c63ee135", | 411 | "id": "edd64a11-276e-4acf-b063-0370c63ee135", | ||
407 | "name": "MICROBIAL BIOMASS CARBON", | 412 | "name": "MICROBIAL BIOMASS CARBON", | ||
408 | "state": "active", | 413 | "state": "active", | ||
409 | "vocabulary_id": null | 414 | "vocabulary_id": null | ||
410 | }, | 415 | }, | ||
411 | { | 416 | { | ||
412 | "display_name": "MICROBIAL RESPIRATION", | 417 | "display_name": "MICROBIAL RESPIRATION", | ||
413 | "id": "4d759529-e01f-4c61-a5a9-debb88d681d1", | 418 | "id": "4d759529-e01f-4c61-a5a9-debb88d681d1", | ||
414 | "name": "MICROBIAL RESPIRATION", | 419 | "name": "MICROBIAL RESPIRATION", | ||
415 | "state": "active", | 420 | "state": "active", | ||
416 | "vocabulary_id": null | 421 | "vocabulary_id": null | ||
417 | }, | 422 | }, | ||
418 | { | 423 | { | ||
419 | "display_name": "NUTRIENT ADDITION", | 424 | "display_name": "NUTRIENT ADDITION", | ||
420 | "id": "3e6bed69-a2b3-4036-b6d8-e5592f7cef4a", | 425 | "id": "3e6bed69-a2b3-4036-b6d8-e5592f7cef4a", | ||
421 | "name": "NUTRIENT ADDITION", | 426 | "name": "NUTRIENT ADDITION", | ||
422 | "state": "active", | 427 | "state": "active", | ||
423 | "vocabulary_id": null | 428 | "vocabulary_id": null | ||
424 | }, | 429 | }, | ||
425 | { | 430 | { | ||
426 | "display_name": "SOIL PROPERTIES", | 431 | "display_name": "SOIL PROPERTIES", | ||
427 | "id": "4730ad8f-dea2-4b33-b551-85acf1ebaac4", | 432 | "id": "4730ad8f-dea2-4b33-b551-85acf1ebaac4", | ||
428 | "name": "SOIL PROPERTIES", | 433 | "name": "SOIL PROPERTIES", | ||
429 | "state": "active", | 434 | "state": "active", | ||
430 | "vocabulary_id": null | 435 | "vocabulary_id": null | ||
431 | } | 436 | } | ||
432 | ], | 437 | ], | ||
433 | "title": "Drivers of the microbial metabolic quotient across global | 438 | "title": "Drivers of the microbial metabolic quotient across global | ||
434 | grasslands", | 439 | grasslands", | ||
435 | "type": "dataset", | 440 | "type": "dataset", | ||
436 | "url": null, | 441 | "url": null, | ||
437 | "version": "1.0" | 442 | "version": "1.0" | ||
438 | } | 443 | } |